Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

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TABLE2.1.BCONTINUEDIMPORTS (in millions of $)Economic group andcountry/territory2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Malaysia 2,790 2,922 1,899 1,855 1,431 1,996 1,177Mali 0 0 14 15 16 6 -Mauritius 10 14 21 31 34 39 40Mexico 260 221 225 275 326 259 227Mongolia - 0 - 0 2 - -Morocco - - - - - - 28Mozambique 65 46 0 18 84 82 47Myanmar 0 6 3 3 7 - -Namibia 24 20 62 46 45 31 44Netherlands Antilles 1 3 2 2 2 2 -New Caledonia 6 8 11 38 41 56 72Niger 0 1 0 0 6 0 -Occupied Palestinian territory 38 36 16 18 18 69 -Pakistan 71 55 23 51 38 68 91Panama - - - 25 4 - -Papua New Guinea - - 0 0 - - -Paraguay 5 7 3 1 0 1 1Peru - - - - - - 16Philippines 17 15 15 9 545 39 39Republic of Moldova 8 4 9 10 4 6 9Rwanda - - - - 7 3 2Samoa - - 0 1 0 0 -Senegal 0 3 3 1 3 3 -Sierra Leone 1 1 2 0 1 1 2Singapore 265 241 268 279 261 278 312Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0 - -South Africa 3 3 5 8 9 10 10Sudan - 0 - - - 5 4Swaziland 8 3 38 27 24 49 -Syrian Arab Republic - - 27 21 32 20 -Togo 0 - 0 0 0 0 -Tonga 0 0 0 0 0 1 -Tunisia 5 4 6 6 10 7 11Turkey 207 117 186 107 140 158 235United Republic of Tanzania - 1 0 0 0 2 2Uruguay 18 10 7 10 9 10 10Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 147 135 266 296 385 461 886ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION 3,773 3,230 4,651 5,291 6,036 8,503 11,179Albania 7 8 30 107 117 119 82Armenia 5 6 7 8 9 10 14Azerbaijan - 5 5 5 6 8 12Belarus 6 8 39 61 16 105 123Bosnia and Herzegovina - - - - 4 4 5Croatia 296 379 488 537 615 645 737Georgia 1 2 2 2 1 13 37Kazakhstan 458 709 1,354 1,616 1,326 1,772 1,856Kyrgyzstan 2 5 8 25 41 33 47Montenegro - - - - - - 34Russian Federation 2,057 1,752 2,232 2,444 3,296 4,908 6,840Serbia - - - - - - 367Tajikistan 1 0 1 2 0 106 4The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 15 52 62 73 63 91 114Ukraine 926 303 424 413 542 689 906SOURCE: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UNCTAD calculations based on IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.NOTES: (1) “All creative services” is composed of the following categories of services: “advertising, market research” and “public opinion polling services”; “architectural, engineering and other technical services”; “researchand development services”; and “personal, cultural and recreational services”. “Audiovisual and related services” and “other personal, cultural and recreational services” are sub-items of “personal, cultural andrecreational services”.(2) The figures in this table cannot be used for international comparisons or ranking because most countries do not report all categories of creative services and the reported categories vary with countries.Therefore, the figures present only the aggregation of reported categories by country.- Data not available or not separately reported.Statistical Annex Part 2322CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
EXPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED SERVICES,BY ECONOMIC GROUP AND COUNTRY/TERRITORY, 2002-2008TABLE2.2.AEconomic group andcountry/territoryEXPORTS (in millions of $)Annualaveragegrowth rate2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2003-2008TOTAL REPORTING COUNTRIES 8,914 11,237 14,668 17,110 20,806 24,487 27,999 -DEVELOPED ECONOMIES 7,593 9,490 11,948 13,484 15,717 17,725 19,904 -Australia 107 126 110 137 178 228 282 20.42Austria - - - - 776 - - -Belgium 1,899 2,617 2,470 2,551 2,605 1,826 2,552 -2.84Bermuda - - - - 17 24 24 -Bulgaria 5 6 13 19 32 63 76 66.51Canada 350 337 378 501 519 650 580 13.32Cyprus 31 22 40 52 77 79 61 24.08Czech Republic 45 44 90 489 491 643 812 79.63Estonia - 47 65 72 88 127 152 25.82Faroes - - - - - - - -Finland 73 128 169 162 - - - -France - - - - - - - -Germany 1,352 1,617 3,206 3,548 3,945 5,257 5,740 25.41Greece 89 158 206 175 169 212 234 5.93Hungary - - 182 215 263 367 443 -Iceland - - - - - - - -Ireland 244 199 - - - 261 173 -Italy 1,036 1,073 1,340 1,362 1,377 1,579 1,210 3.20Japan - - - - - - - -Latvia 49 61 86 113 129 166 222 27.88Lithuania 30 46 47 45 55 57 75 9.75Luxembourg - - - - - - - -Malta - - 3 4 6 8 18 -Netherlands - - - - - - - -New Zealand 23 26 52 53 47 58 63 14.40Norway 74 84 108 173 266 216 257 25.97Poland 37 104 235 415 696 956 1,673 70.22Portugal 177 175 211 219 245 366 376 17.29Romania 53 49 57 147 256 403 618 72.57Slovakia 16 26 - 22 46 70 79 -Slovenia 61 99 183 192 203 - 258 -Spain 1,407 1,881 2,106 2,108 2,493 3,208 2,929 10.97Sweden 434 566 592 712 739 900 996 12.50Switzerland - - - - - - - -United Kingdom - - - - - - - -United States of America - - - - - - - -DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 569 695 1,225 1,761 2,883 3,707 4,058 -Angola - - - - - - - -Argentina 37 43 86 174 261 313 385 54.48Bangladesh 5 8 10 8 10 7 13 3.59Barbados - - - - - - - -Benin 0 0 0 1 0 0 - -Bolivia - - - - - - - -Botswana 0 1 1 2 1 2 3 26.39Brazil 110 102 111 128 160 194 334 25.15Burkina Faso - - - - - - - -Cambodia - - - - - - - -Cameroon - - - - - - - -Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Chile - - - - - - - -China 373 486 849 1,076 1,445 1,912 2,202 34.16China, Hong Kong SAR - - - - - - - -China, Macao SAR - - - - - - - -Colombia 9 13 19 24 25 24 29 14.77Congo - - - - - - - -Costa Rica 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 6.89Côte d’Ivoire 4 4 5 5 5 6 - -Ecuador - - - - - - - -Egypt 16 12 13 19 31 71 121 63.13El Salvador 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -8.21Ethiopia 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 53.59Fiji 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 57.12French Polynesia - - - - - - - -Guatemala 2 9 2 2 6 3 4 -0.60Guinea - - - - - 0 0 -Guinea-Bissau - 0 - - - - - -Guyana - - 6 6 7 7 7 -Honduras - - - - - - - -India - - 103 279 545 759 572 -Indonesia - - - - - - - -Iraq - - - - - - - -Jamaica - - 0 0 0 0 0 -Kenya - - - - - - - -Korea, Republic of - - - - 342 366 339 -Lebanon - - - - - - - -Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010323
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ContentsForeword...................
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3.4.2 Large-scale corporate enterpr
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7. Technology, connectivity and the
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LIST OF BOXES1.1 A creative entrepr
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5.9 Creative goods: Exports, by reg
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5.13 Audiovisuals: Exports, by econ
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ForewordThe United Nations publishe
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AcknowledgementsThe Creative Econom
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Scope of this reportThe Creative Ec
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Chapter 1 explores evolving concept
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Ten key messagesThis policy-oriente
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IX. In the aftermath of the crisis,
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GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP Gro
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The Creative Economy1PART
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CHAPTER1Conceptand context of thecr
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1Concept and context of the creativ
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1Box 1.1 continuedA creative entrep
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1Box 1.2 continuedThe creative city
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2The development dimensioneties. Th
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Box 2.1South-South sharing of creat
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2The development dimension2.2.3 Soc
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2Box 2.2 continuedBrazilian carniva
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Box 2.3Africa Remix: Africa speakin
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2The development dimensionrequire c
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2The development dimensionconcrete
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2The development dimensionreforms,
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2The development dimensionThailand:
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2The development dimensionTurkey: I
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2The development dimensionMinistry.
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2The development dimensionvisual ar
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2The development dimension2.4.5 The
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Box 2.7 continuedBrand Jamaica as t
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2The development dimensionpublisher
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Box 2.8 continuedThe Bolshoi: A sub
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2The development dimension2.5.1 Cre
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2The development dimension■solar
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2The development dimensionBox 2.13E
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72 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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3.2 Organization of the creative ec
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3Analysing the creative economythat
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3Analysing the creative economyketi
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3Analysing the creative economydiff
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3Analysing the creative economy3.3.
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3Analysing the creative economychai
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3Analysing the creative economygrou
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6766.966.27878.179.7*3940.041.6*363
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3Analysing the creative economyissu
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3Analysing the creative economybeca
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3Analysing the creative economy■
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4Towards an evidence-based assessme
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4.7 The case for a trade model for
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elated to need and comparable. Seco
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4.8.2 Summary comparison of statist
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Table 4.4 continuedCreative service
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■■The same rationale applies to
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Box 4.1Reality and numbers4Towards
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124 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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5importing countries. It is not yet
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5International trade in creative go
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Chart 5.4a Share of economic groups
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Chart 5.6AlldevelopingeconomiesAsia
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profile their trade performance in
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82.5 per cent in 2002 to 77 per cen
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Trade (GATT) and Article V of the G
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Table 5.12aRankExporterArt crafts:
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socio-economic growth, performing a
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Tajikistan), underscores the promis
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except in South Africa. Recently st
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from $3.5 billion in 2002 to $7 bil
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India remains the world largest fil
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RadioDespite recent changes in life
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first and second, exporting nearly
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The aim of this report is to sensit
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ative content. Issues relating to m
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tions. The rationale for including
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Table 5.28Chart 5.19(in billions of
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Table 5.30 Related goods: Imports,
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The Role of IntellectualProperty an
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CHAPTER6Therole of intellectual pro
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Box 6.1Design as a key ingredient f
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defined in national legislation. Th
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has developed rapidly over the last
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and made commercially available by
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NO DERIVATIVE WORKSAllows others to
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In 2006, WIPO published National St
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Box 6.4Jewellery: A magic marriage
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ing at least until the first sale o
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tial. The right balance should be f
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CHAPTER7Technology,connectivityand
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m-commerce and m-banking. Mobile te
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Figure 7.4Subscribers per 100 inh.4
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Table 7.2DimensionDigital enablersD
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Table 7.4Rank1234567891011121314151
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IPR rights that may be “re-purpos
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producers; in short, the business m
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Box 7.2 continuedFree and open-sour
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patterns developed by ICTs, rich so
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Promoting the CreativeEconomy for D
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CHAPTER8Policystrategies for the cr
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entirely limited to the major urban
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8.3 The policy processThe process o
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8.4.2 Provision of finance andinves
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they operate and to evaluate the sh
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Box 8.2Alternative Currencies in Br
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Box 8.3 continuedThe Egyptian film
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crisis, the active participation to
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tries to the benefits of growth in
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There is significant evidence that
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■■■the desirability of capaci
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CHAPTER9Theinternational dimensiono
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the issues relating to trade in aud
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Development of the European Commiss
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and bound tariff rates have decline
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and continue negotiations on the Ag
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9.3.4 TRIPS AgreementWith respect t
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9.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity persp
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9.5 WIPO Development AgendaAt the W
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Cooperation has continued to work w
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come obstacles faced by poor commun
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9.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity be
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CHAPTER10 Lessons learned and polic
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VI. The creative economy cuts acros
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the creative industries in the Unit
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policymakers, researchers and pract
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Another mechanism to promote South-
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10.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneu
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ReferencesBooks and articlesAcheson
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of Definitions of the Cultural and
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ativity for its management”, in C
Page 299 and 300: Taylor, Calvin (2006). “Beyond Ad
Page 301 and 302: Department of Communications, Infor
Page 303 and 304: PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). “G
Page 305 and 306: ______(2004). São Paulo Consensus:
Page 307 and 308: The 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultu
Page 309 and 310: Statistical Annex
Page 311 and 312: Explanatory notes (continued)Art cr
Page 313 and 314: Explanatory notes (continued)Obviou
Page 315 and 316: Explanatory notes (continued)EBOPSE
Page 317 and 318: Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Page 321 and 322: Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
Page 323 and 324: Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
Page 325 and 326: Distribution of developing economie
Page 327 and 328: Distribution of developed economies
Page 329 and 330: Distribution of economies by trade
Page 331 and 332: TABLE1.1IMPORTS (c.i.f., in million
Page 337 and 338: TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesAsiaE
Page 339 and 340: TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesEaste
Page 341 and 342: TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesAsiaE
Page 343 and 344: TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesEaste
Page 345 and 346: CREATIVE GOODS: EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
Page 347 and 348: EXPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
Page 349: IMPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
Page 353 and 354: IMPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
Page 355 and 356: EXPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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Page 359 and 360: EXPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Page 361 and 362: IMPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Page 363 and 364: EXPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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Page 367 and 368: EXPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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Page 371 and 372: EXPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
Page 373 and 374: IMPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
Page 375 and 376: Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE EC
Page 383 and 384: TABLE3.2.ADeveloping economies (2)E
Page 385 and 386: TABLE3.2.BDeveloping economies (2)E
Page 387 and 388: TABLE3.3.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
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TABLE3.3.BIMPORTS (in millions of $
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TABLE3.4.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
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