Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

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2 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
CHAPTER1Conceptand context of thecreative economy1.1 Evolving concepts and definitionsFundamental to an understanding of the creativeeconomy — what it comprises and how it functions in theeconomies of both developed and developing countries —are the concepts of “cultural industries” and “creative industries”.Much debate surrounds these terms. This chapterprovides an overview of the development of the concepts of“creativity” throughout this decade leading to what becameknown as the “creative economy”. Our intention is not toreach a final consensus about concepts, but to understand itsevolution. It also considers the emergence of the associatedconcepts of “creative class”, “creative cities”, “creative clusters”,as well as the most recent innovative notions relating tothe “experience economy” “creative commons” and “creativeecology”. The major drivers of the growth of the creativeeconomy and its multiple dimensions are examined in thelight of recent developments including the world economiccrisis. This chapter also provides evidence on the economiccontribution of the creative industries to the economies ofvarious advanced countries.■■scientific creativity involves curiosity and a willingness toexperiment and make new connections in problemsolving;andeconomic creativity is a dynamic process leading towardsinnovation in technology, business practices, marketing,etc., and is closely linked to gaining competitive advantagesin the economy.All of the above involve technological creativity togreater or lesser extent and are interrelated, as shown infigure 1.1. Regardless of the way in which creativity is interpreted,there is no doubt that, by definition, it is a keyelement in defining the scope of the creative industries andthe creative economy.Another approach is to consider creativity as a measurablesocial process. From the economic point of view,however, a relationship between creativity and socioeconomicdevelopment is not apparent, particularly the1Concept and context of the creative economyFigure 1.1Creativity in today’s economy1.1.1 CreativityThere is no simple definition of “creativity”that encompasses all the various dimensions ofthis phenomenon. Indeed, in the field of psychology,where individual creativity has been mostwidely studied, there is no agreement as towhether creativity is an attribute of people or aprocess by which original ideas are generated.Nevertheless, the characteristics of creativity indifferent areas of human endeavour can at least bearticulated. For example, it can be suggested that:■artistic creativity involves imagination and acapacity to generate original ideas and novelways of interpreting the world, expressed intext, sound and image;EconomiccreativitySource: KEA European Affairs (2006:42).ScientificcreativityTechnologicalcreativityCulturalcreativityCREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 20103
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Page 3 and 4: ContentsForeword...................
Page 5 and 6: 3.4.2 Large-scale corporate enterpr
Page 7 and 8: 7. Technology, connectivity and the
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF BOXES1.1 A creative entrepr
Page 11 and 12: 5.9 Creative goods: Exports, by reg
Page 13 and 14: 5.13 Audiovisuals: Exports, by econ
Page 15 and 16: ForewordThe United Nations publishe
Page 17 and 18: AcknowledgementsThe Creative Econom
Page 19 and 20: Scope of this reportThe Creative Ec
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 explores evolving concept
Page 23 and 24: Ten key messagesThis policy-oriente
Page 25 and 26: IX. In the aftermath of the crisis,
Page 27 and 28: GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP Gro
Page 29: The Creative Economy1PART
Page 34 and 35: 1Concept and context of the creativ
Page 40 and 41: 1Box 1.1 continuedA creative entrep
Page 42 and 43: 1Box 1.2 continuedThe creative city
Page 62 and 63: 2The development dimensioneties. Th
Page 64 and 65: Box 2.1South-South sharing of creat
Page 66 and 67: 2The development dimension2.2.3 Soc
Page 68 and 69: 2Box 2.2 continuedBrazilian carniva
Page 70 and 71: Box 2.3Africa Remix: Africa speakin
Page 72 and 73: 2The development dimensionrequire c
Page 74 and 75: 2The development dimensionconcrete
Page 76 and 77: 2The development dimensionreforms,
Page 78 and 79: 2The development dimensionThailand:
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2The development dimensionTurkey: I
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2The development dimensionMinistry.
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2The development dimensionvisual ar
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2The development dimension2.4.5 The
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Box 2.7 continuedBrand Jamaica as t
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2The development dimensionpublisher
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Box 2.8 continuedThe Bolshoi: A sub
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2The development dimension2.5.1 Cre
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2The development dimension■solar
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2The development dimensionBox 2.13E
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3.2 Organization of the creative ec
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3Analysing the creative economythat
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3Analysing the creative economyketi
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3Analysing the creative economydiff
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3Analysing the creative economy3.3.
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3Analysing the creative economychai
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3Analysing the creative economygrou
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6766.966.27878.179.7*3940.041.6*363
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3Analysing the creative economyissu
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3Analysing the creative economybeca
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3Analysing the creative economy■
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4Towards an evidence-based assessme
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4.7 The case for a trade model for
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elated to need and comparable. Seco
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4.8.2 Summary comparison of statist
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Table 4.4 continuedCreative service
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■■The same rationale applies to
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Box 4.1Reality and numbers4Towards
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5importing countries. It is not yet
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5International trade in creative go
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Chart 5.4a Share of economic groups
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Chart 5.6AlldevelopingeconomiesAsia
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profile their trade performance in
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82.5 per cent in 2002 to 77 per cen
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Trade (GATT) and Article V of the G
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Table 5.12aRankExporterArt crafts:
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socio-economic growth, performing a
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Tajikistan), underscores the promis
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except in South Africa. Recently st
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from $3.5 billion in 2002 to $7 bil
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India remains the world largest fil
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RadioDespite recent changes in life
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first and second, exporting nearly
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The aim of this report is to sensit
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ative content. Issues relating to m
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tions. The rationale for including
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Table 5.28Chart 5.19(in billions of
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Table 5.30 Related goods: Imports,
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The Role of IntellectualProperty an
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CHAPTER6Therole of intellectual pro
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Box 6.1Design as a key ingredient f
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defined in national legislation. Th
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has developed rapidly over the last
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and made commercially available by
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NO DERIVATIVE WORKSAllows others to
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In 2006, WIPO published National St
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Box 6.4Jewellery: A magic marriage
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ing at least until the first sale o
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tial. The right balance should be f
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CHAPTER7Technology,connectivityand
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m-commerce and m-banking. Mobile te
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Figure 7.4Subscribers per 100 inh.4
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Table 7.2DimensionDigital enablersD
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Table 7.4Rank1234567891011121314151
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IPR rights that may be “re-purpos
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producers; in short, the business m
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Box 7.2 continuedFree and open-sour
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patterns developed by ICTs, rich so
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Promoting the CreativeEconomy for D
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CHAPTER8Policystrategies for the cr
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entirely limited to the major urban
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8.3 The policy processThe process o
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8.4.2 Provision of finance andinves
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they operate and to evaluate the sh
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Box 8.2Alternative Currencies in Br
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Box 8.3 continuedThe Egyptian film
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crisis, the active participation to
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tries to the benefits of growth in
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There is significant evidence that
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■■■the desirability of capaci
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CHAPTER9Theinternational dimensiono
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the issues relating to trade in aud
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Development of the European Commiss
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and bound tariff rates have decline
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and continue negotiations on the Ag
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9.3.4 TRIPS AgreementWith respect t
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9.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity persp
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9.5 WIPO Development AgendaAt the W
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Cooperation has continued to work w
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come obstacles faced by poor commun
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9.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity be
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CHAPTER10 Lessons learned and polic
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VI. The creative economy cuts acros
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the creative industries in the Unit
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policymakers, researchers and pract
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Another mechanism to promote South-
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10.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneu
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ReferencesBooks and articlesAcheson
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of Definitions of the Cultural and
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ativity for its management”, in C
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Taylor, Calvin (2006). “Beyond Ad
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Department of Communications, Infor
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PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). “G
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______(2004). São Paulo Consensus:
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The 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultu
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Statistical Annex
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Explanatory notes (continued)Art cr
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Explanatory notes (continued)Obviou
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Explanatory notes (continued)EBOPSE
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Distribution of developing economie
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Distribution of developed economies
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Distribution of economies by trade
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TABLE1.1IMPORTS (c.i.f., in million
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesEaste
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesEaste
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CREATIVE GOODS: EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
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EXPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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IMPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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EXPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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IMPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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EXPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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IMPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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EXPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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IMPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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EXPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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IMPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE EC
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TABLE3.2.ADeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.2.BDeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.3.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
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TABLE3.3.BIMPORTS (in millions of $
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