Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

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9. The international dimension of creative-industries policy 2319.1 The international policy framework ..................................................................................2319.2 UNCTAD: Creative industries on the economic and development agenda ......................2329.2.1 UNCTAD X: Audiovisual services ................................................................................................2329.2.2 Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries: Music ................................2339.2.3 UNCTAD XI: Creative industries — A turning point......................................................................2339.2.4 UNCTAD XII: From the creative industries to the creative economy ..............................................2349.3 WTO multilateral negotiations and implications for creative industries..........................2359.3.1 The crisis and the international trading system ..........................................................................2369.3.2 Market access, tariff and non-tariff barriers................................................................................2369.3.3 General Agreement on Trade in Services ....................................................................................2399.3.4 TRIPS Agreement......................................................................................................................2419.3.5 Implications of regional trade agreements for creative industries ................................................2419.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity perspective..............................................................................2439.5 WIPO Development Agenda ................................................................................................2459.6 UNDP: Engaging developing countries in the creative economy for development..........2469.7 ITC: Creating business opportunities for creative industries ..........................................2489.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity benefits for the creative industries ..................................25110. Lessons learned and policy options 253Contents10.1 Lessons learned ..................................................................................................................25310.2 Major findings ....................................................................................................................25410.2.1 Definitions and concepts ..........................................................................................................25510.2.2 Cross-cutting linkages ..............................................................................................................25610.2.3 The creative economy in the developed world ............................................................................25610.2.4 The creative economy in the developing world............................................................................25710.2.5 The value chain for creative products ........................................................................................25710.2.6 Data issues ..............................................................................................................................25810.2.7 Trade........................................................................................................................................25910.2.8 Connectivity and ICTs................................................................................................................25910.2.9 Policy towards the creative economy..........................................................................................26010.2.10 International context..................................................................................................................26010.3 Policy options ......................................................................................................................26110.3.1 Role of governments ................................................................................................................26110.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneurs ..................................................................................................26310.3.3 Role of civil society and the place of strategic alliances ..............................................................26310.3.4 Role of international cooperation................................................................................................264References ....................................................................................................................................265Statistical Annex ..........................................................................................................................281viii CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
LIST OF BOXES1.1 A creative entrepreneur: Transforming ideas into successful business ........................................................111.2 The creative city ......................................................................................................................................131.3 Cultural and creative clusters in China ......................................................................................................171.4 Petra: A cultural trip..................................................................................................................................221.5 Cirque du Soleil: A very simple dream ......................................................................................................251.6 Economics of the museum district of Paris ................................................................................................272.1 South-South sharing of creative experiences ............................................................................................362.2 Brazilian carnivals ....................................................................................................................................392.3 Africa remix ............................................................................................................................................422.4 Experience of the Shanghai Creative Industry Center..................................................................................482.5 A passion for tango ..................................................................................................................................542.6 Guatemala: The economic contribution of culture ......................................................................................572.7 Brand Jamaica as the home of reggae......................................................................................................592.8 The Bolshoi: A sublime gift to the world ....................................................................................................632.9 Thai life and tradition: Thai silk..................................................................................................................652.10 Bio-trade in Colombia ..............................................................................................................................662.11 Eco-ethical fashion and natural fibres........................................................................................................672.12 The Moroccan spa culture ........................................................................................................................682.13 EcoMedia, moving to action ......................................................................................................................703.1 The tecnobrega case................................................................................................................................793.2 Creative clusters ......................................................................................................................................803.3 Turtles: Conservation tourism and pricing ..................................................................................................823.4 Broadcasting creativity blooms in South Africa ..........................................................................................873.5 Properties of creative industries ................................................................................................................903.6 Commercial practices and business models particular to the audiovisual and music industries ....................914.1 Reality and numbers ..............................................................................................................................1206.1 Design as a key ingredient for growth ....................................................................................................1716.2 The da Vinci Code case ..........................................................................................................................1746.3 A collaborative approach to creativity and knowledge ..............................................................................1766.4 Jewellery: A magic marriage between tradition and contemporary design ................................................1836.5 Collective management of copyright........................................................................................................1867.1 When ICTs give rise to new business models ..........................................................................................1997.2 Free and open-source software and the creative economy ......................................................................2027.3 Eurovision ..............................................................................................................................................2048.1 Shanghai creative industries: The Chinese way........................................................................................2118.2 Alternative currencies in Brazil ................................................................................................................2198.3 The Egyptian film industry: The waning of the “Hollywood of the East”? ....................................................2208.4 The Biennale of Contemporary African Art of Dakar..................................................................................2228.5 Cultural policy in action: The Nairobi Plan of Action ..................................................................................229CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010Contentsix
Page 1 and 2: Файл загружен с http:/
Page 3 and 4: ContentsForeword...................
Page 5 and 6: 3.4.2 Large-scale corporate enterpr
Page 7: 7. Technology, connectivity and the
Page 11 and 12: 5.9 Creative goods: Exports, by reg
Page 13 and 14: 5.13 Audiovisuals: Exports, by econ
Page 15 and 16: ForewordThe United Nations publishe
Page 17 and 18: AcknowledgementsThe Creative Econom
Page 19 and 20: Scope of this reportThe Creative Ec
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 explores evolving concept
Page 23 and 24: Ten key messagesThis policy-oriente
Page 25 and 26: IX. In the aftermath of the crisis,
Page 27 and 28: GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP Gro
Page 29 and 30: The Creative Economy1PART
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER1Conceptand context of thecr
Page 34 and 35: 1Concept and context of the creativ
Page 40 and 41: 1Box 1.1 continuedA creative entrep
Page 42 and 43: 1Box 1.2 continuedThe creative city
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1Concept and context of the creativ
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1Concept and context of the creativ
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2The development dimensioneties. Th
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Box 2.1South-South sharing of creat
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2The development dimension2.2.3 Soc
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2Box 2.2 continuedBrazilian carniva
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Box 2.3Africa Remix: Africa speakin
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2The development dimensionrequire c
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2The development dimensionconcrete
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2The development dimensionreforms,
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2The development dimensionThailand:
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2The development dimensionTurkey: I
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2The development dimensionMinistry.
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2The development dimensionvisual ar
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2The development dimension2.4.5 The
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Box 2.7 continuedBrand Jamaica as t
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2The development dimensionpublisher
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Box 2.8 continuedThe Bolshoi: A sub
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2The development dimension2.5.1 Cre
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2The development dimension■solar
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2The development dimensionBox 2.13E
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72 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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3.2 Organization of the creative ec
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3Analysing the creative economythat
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3Analysing the creative economyketi
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3Analysing the creative economydiff
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3Analysing the creative economy3.3.
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3Analysing the creative economychai
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3Analysing the creative economygrou
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6766.966.27878.179.7*3940.041.6*363
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3Analysing the creative economyissu
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3Analysing the creative economybeca
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3Analysing the creative economy■
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4Towards an evidence-based assessme
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4.7 The case for a trade model for
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elated to need and comparable. Seco
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4.8.2 Summary comparison of statist
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Table 4.4 continuedCreative service
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■■The same rationale applies to
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Box 4.1Reality and numbers4Towards
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124 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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5importing countries. It is not yet
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5International trade in creative go
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Chart 5.4a Share of economic groups
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Chart 5.6AlldevelopingeconomiesAsia
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profile their trade performance in
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82.5 per cent in 2002 to 77 per cen
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Trade (GATT) and Article V of the G
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Table 5.12aRankExporterArt crafts:
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socio-economic growth, performing a
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Tajikistan), underscores the promis
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except in South Africa. Recently st
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from $3.5 billion in 2002 to $7 bil
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India remains the world largest fil
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RadioDespite recent changes in life
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first and second, exporting nearly
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The aim of this report is to sensit
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ative content. Issues relating to m
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tions. The rationale for including
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Table 5.28Chart 5.19(in billions of
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Table 5.30 Related goods: Imports,
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The Role of IntellectualProperty an
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CHAPTER6Therole of intellectual pro
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Box 6.1Design as a key ingredient f
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defined in national legislation. Th
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has developed rapidly over the last
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and made commercially available by
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NO DERIVATIVE WORKSAllows others to
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In 2006, WIPO published National St
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Box 6.4Jewellery: A magic marriage
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ing at least until the first sale o
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tial. The right balance should be f
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CHAPTER7Technology,connectivityand
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m-commerce and m-banking. Mobile te
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Figure 7.4Subscribers per 100 inh.4
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Table 7.2DimensionDigital enablersD
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Table 7.4Rank1234567891011121314151
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IPR rights that may be “re-purpos
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producers; in short, the business m
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Box 7.2 continuedFree and open-sour
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patterns developed by ICTs, rich so
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Promoting the CreativeEconomy for D
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CHAPTER8Policystrategies for the cr
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entirely limited to the major urban
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8.3 The policy processThe process o
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8.4.2 Provision of finance andinves
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they operate and to evaluate the sh
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Box 8.2Alternative Currencies in Br
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Box 8.3 continuedThe Egyptian film
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crisis, the active participation to
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tries to the benefits of growth in
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There is significant evidence that
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■■■the desirability of capaci
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CHAPTER9Theinternational dimensiono
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the issues relating to trade in aud
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Development of the European Commiss
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and bound tariff rates have decline
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and continue negotiations on the Ag
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9.3.4 TRIPS AgreementWith respect t
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9.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity persp
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9.5 WIPO Development AgendaAt the W
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Cooperation has continued to work w
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come obstacles faced by poor commun
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9.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity be
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CHAPTER10 Lessons learned and polic
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VI. The creative economy cuts acros
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the creative industries in the Unit
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policymakers, researchers and pract
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Another mechanism to promote South-
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10.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneu
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ReferencesBooks and articlesAcheson
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of Definitions of the Cultural and
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ativity for its management”, in C
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Taylor, Calvin (2006). “Beyond Ad
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Department of Communications, Infor
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PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). “G
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______(2004). São Paulo Consensus:
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The 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultu
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Statistical Annex
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Explanatory notes (continued)Art cr
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Explanatory notes (continued)Obviou
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Explanatory notes (continued)EBOPSE
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Distribution of developing economie
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Distribution of developed economies
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Distribution of economies by trade
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TABLE1.1IMPORTS (c.i.f., in million
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesEaste
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesEaste
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CREATIVE GOODS: EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
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EXPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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IMPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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EXPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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IMPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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EXPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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IMPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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EXPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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IMPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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EXPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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IMPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE EC
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TABLE3.2.ADeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.2.BDeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.3.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
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TABLE3.3.BIMPORTS (in millions of $
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