Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1Concept and context of the creative economygrowth of 6.7 per cent. The creation and production phasesrepresents 55 per cent of total cultural activities. 54For Italy, as stated by the President of the ItalianRepublic, “one of the strengths of our country [is] the cultureof creativity. And in this new expression of Italian creativitywe find the resurgent vigour of a tradition, heritageand sensibility to which we must devote much more attention”.55 The cultural and creative industries accounted forover 9 per cent of the Italian GDP and employed over 2.5million people in 2004. 56 Denmark is another examplewhere the creative economy accounted for 5.3 per cent ofGDP, providing 12 per cent of total jobs and 16 per cent ofexports, and in Sweden, in the early 2000s the cultural sectoraccounted for 9 per cent of value added and 10 per centof total employment, as show in table 1.7. 57 For theNetherlands, the creative sector is characterised by anincreasing number of small enterprises and freelancers; inthe city of Amsterdam during the period 2006-2009, thenumber of people working in the creative industriesincreased 6.6 per cent. 58The creative industries contribute to output, valueadded, income and the balance of payments. Typically, theseindustries have contributed somewhere between 2 and 6 percent of GDP, depending on the definitions used. In 2007,the creative industries accounted for 6.4 per cent of the U.S.economy, generating foreign sales and exports in the orderof $125.6 billion, one of the larger exporting sectors in theAmerican economy. 59 In Canada, the cultural sector provided3.5 per cent of GDP and almost 6 per cent of thegrowth in value added (GVA). In Australia, the growth inthe creative economy has been strong for nearly two decades,with an annual average growth of 5.8 per cent. In 2007-2008 the Australian creative economy was worth $31billion (Australian dollars), making a real contribution tothe nation’s economic performance and flexibility, employingabout 5 per cent of the workforce, and generating about7 per cent of national earnings. 60This chapter has been concerned primarily with theevolution of concepts involved in any consideration of thecreative economy. This final section turns from concepts topractice and considers some more detailed empirical evidencefor some of the propositions discussed earlier.Some representative data are shown in tables 1.6 to1.8. Table 1.6 shows the contribution of the cultural industriesto GDP or GVA for five countries in various years.Table 1.7 indicates the contribution of the cultural sectorsof eight European countries to the economy. It should benoted that in four of the eight countries shown, the creativeindustries contributed more than 5 per cent of GVA, and intwo countries, they contributed 10 per cent or more ofemployment. Comparisons with other sectors of theeconomies of developed countries are shown in table 1.8and table 1.9.Table 1.6Contribution of the cultural industries (a) to GDP or GVA for five countries, various years (b)CountryReference yearCurrencyAggregate measuredContribution of cultural industriesValue (millions) % of GDP/GVAAustraliaCanadaFranceUnited KingdomUnited States1998–992002200320032002$A$Can€£$USGDPGDPGVAGVAGVA17,05337,46539,89942,180341,1393.13.52.85.83.3Notes: (a) Industries included: Advertising; architecture; video, film, photography; music, visual arts, performing arts; publishing, print media; broadcast media; art and antiquestrade; design, including fashion design.(b) For qualifications to the interpretation of these data, refer to source.Source: Gordon and Beilby-Orrin, International Measurement of the Economic and Social Importance of Culture, OECD (2007:54).54 Ministry of Culture of Spain (2009).55 Giorgio Napolitano, 31 December 2007, quoted in Santagata (2009).56 Santagata (2009).57 On the basis of Eurostat and AMADEUS databank, as reported by KEA, European Affairs in 2006.58 Monitor <strong>Creative</strong> Industries (2008).59 Siwek (2009).60 ARC Centre of Excellence for <strong>Creative</strong> Industries and Innovation (2010).30 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
Table 1.7CountryDenmarkFinlandLatviaLithuaniaNetherlandsPolandSwedenUnited KingdomContribution of the cultural sector to the national economies of eight European countries,various years (a)Referenceyear2000–20012004–200520042002200420022000–20012001Contribution of the cultural sector to:Turnover Value added Employment€ billions % € billions % millions %23.412.60.80.68.48.7n.a.165.47.3n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.Note: (a) Industries included differ significantly among countries. For further details and qualifications to the interpretation of these data, refer to source.Source: KEA, European Affairs (2006:33-34).8.34.30.30.04n.a.17.317.185.05.33.84.00.2n.a.5.29.06.80.1700.0860.0410.0570.240n.a.0.4001.30012.03.24.44.03.2n.a.10.04.31Concept and context of the creative economyTable 1.8Comparison of contribution of creative/cultural sector with contributions of other sectors for eightEuropean countries (% of GDP) (a)CountryDenmarkFinlandLatviaLithuaniaNetherlandsPolandSwedenUnited KingdomProportion of GDP contributed by:Cultural andcreative sector2.63.13.13.42.52.73.23.0Manufacture of food,beverages, tobaccoReal estateactivitiesNote: (a) Industries included in cultural/creative sector vary among countries. For qualifications to the interpretation of these data, refer to source.Source: Eurostat and AMADEUS, quoted by KEA, European Affairs (2006:68).2.12.61.51.91.62.21.71.91.05.11.81.82.62.32.72.1Computer and relatedactivities1.21.51.51.31.41.41.32.7CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 201031
Page 1 and 2:
Файл загружен с http:/
Page 3 and 4:
ContentsForeword...................
Page 5 and 6:
3.4.2 Large-scale corporate enterpr
Page 7 and 8: 7. Technology, connectivity and the
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF BOXES1.1 A creative entrepr
Page 11 and 12: 5.9 Creative goods: Exports, by reg
Page 13 and 14: 5.13 Audiovisuals: Exports, by econ
Page 15 and 16: ForewordThe United Nations publishe
Page 17 and 18: AcknowledgementsThe Creative Econom
Page 19 and 20: Scope of this reportThe Creative Ec
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 explores evolving concept
Page 23 and 24: Ten key messagesThis policy-oriente
Page 25 and 26: IX. In the aftermath of the crisis,
Page 27 and 28: GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP Gro
Page 29 and 30: The Creative Economy1PART
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER1Conceptand context of thecr
Page 34 and 35: 1Concept and context of the creativ
Page 40 and 41: 1Box 1.1 continuedA creative entrep
Page 42 and 43: 1Box 1.2 continuedThe creative city
Page 62 and 63: 2The development dimensioneties. Th
Page 64 and 65: Box 2.1South-South sharing of creat
Page 66 and 67: 2The development dimension2.2.3 Soc
Page 68 and 69: 2Box 2.2 continuedBrazilian carniva
Page 70 and 71: Box 2.3Africa Remix: Africa speakin
Page 72 and 73: 2The development dimensionrequire c
Page 74 and 75: 2The development dimensionconcrete
Page 76 and 77: 2The development dimensionreforms,
Page 78 and 79: 2The development dimensionThailand:
Page 80 and 81: 2The development dimensionTurkey: I
Page 82 and 83: 2The development dimensionMinistry.
Page 84 and 85: 2The development dimensionvisual ar
Page 86 and 87: 2The development dimension2.4.5 The
Page 88 and 89: Box 2.7 continuedBrand Jamaica as t
Page 90 and 91: 2The development dimensionpublisher
Page 92 and 93: Box 2.8 continuedThe Bolshoi: A sub
Page 94 and 95: 2The development dimension2.5.1 Cre
Page 96 and 97: 2The development dimension■solar
Page 98 and 99: 2The development dimensionBox 2.13E
Page 100 and 101: 72 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
Page 102 and 103: 3.2 Organization of the creative ec
Page 104 and 105: 3Analysing the creative economythat
Page 106 and 107: 3Analysing the creative economyketi
Page 108 and 109:
3Analysing the creative economydiff
Page 110 and 111:
3Analysing the creative economy3.3.
Page 112 and 113:
3Analysing the creative economychai
Page 114 and 115:
3Analysing the creative economygrou
Page 116 and 117:
6766.966.27878.179.7*3940.041.6*363
Page 118 and 119:
3Analysing the creative economyissu
Page 120 and 121:
3Analysing the creative economybeca
Page 122 and 123:
3Analysing the creative economy■
Page 124 and 125:
4Towards an evidence-based assessme
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
4.7 The case for a trade model for
Page 134 and 135:
elated to need and comparable. Seco
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
4.8.2 Summary comparison of statist
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Table 4.4 continuedCreative service
Page 144 and 145:
■■The same rationale applies to
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Box 4.1Reality and numbers4Towards
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
124 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
Page 154 and 155:
5importing countries. It is not yet
Page 156 and 157:
5International trade in creative go
Page 158 and 159:
Chart 5.4a Share of economic groups
Page 161 and 162:
Chart 5.6AlldevelopingeconomiesAsia
Page 163 and 164:
profile their trade performance in
Page 165 and 166:
82.5 per cent in 2002 to 77 per cen
Page 167 and 168:
Trade (GATT) and Article V of the G
Page 169 and 170:
Table 5.12aRankExporterArt crafts:
Page 171 and 172:
socio-economic growth, performing a
Page 173 and 174:
Tajikistan), underscores the promis
Page 175 and 176:
except in South Africa. Recently st
Page 177 and 178:
from $3.5 billion in 2002 to $7 bil
Page 179 and 180:
India remains the world largest fil
Page 181 and 182:
RadioDespite recent changes in life
Page 183 and 184:
first and second, exporting nearly
Page 185 and 186:
The aim of this report is to sensit
Page 187 and 188:
ative content. Issues relating to m
Page 189 and 190:
tions. The rationale for including
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5.28Chart 5.19(in billions of
Page 193 and 194:
Table 5.30 Related goods: Imports,
Page 195 and 196:
The Role of IntellectualProperty an
Page 197 and 198:
CHAPTER6Therole of intellectual pro
Page 199 and 200:
Box 6.1Design as a key ingredient f
Page 201 and 202:
defined in national legislation. Th
Page 203 and 204:
has developed rapidly over the last
Page 205 and 206:
and made commercially available by
Page 207 and 208:
NO DERIVATIVE WORKSAllows others to
Page 209 and 210:
In 2006, WIPO published National St
Page 211 and 212:
Box 6.4Jewellery: A magic marriage
Page 213 and 214:
ing at least until the first sale o
Page 215 and 216:
tial. The right balance should be f
Page 217 and 218:
CHAPTER7Technology,connectivityand
Page 219 and 220:
m-commerce and m-banking. Mobile te
Page 221 and 222:
Figure 7.4Subscribers per 100 inh.4
Page 223 and 224:
Table 7.2DimensionDigital enablersD
Page 225 and 226:
Table 7.4Rank1234567891011121314151
Page 227 and 228:
IPR rights that may be “re-purpos
Page 229 and 230:
producers; in short, the business m
Page 231 and 232:
Box 7.2 continuedFree and open-sour
Page 233 and 234:
patterns developed by ICTs, rich so
Page 235 and 236:
Promoting the CreativeEconomy for D
Page 237 and 238:
CHAPTER8Policystrategies for the cr
Page 239 and 240:
entirely limited to the major urban
Page 241 and 242:
8.3 The policy processThe process o
Page 243 and 244:
8.4.2 Provision of finance andinves
Page 245 and 246:
they operate and to evaluate the sh
Page 247 and 248:
Box 8.2Alternative Currencies in Br
Page 249 and 250:
Box 8.3 continuedThe Egyptian film
Page 251 and 252:
crisis, the active participation to
Page 253 and 254:
tries to the benefits of growth in
Page 255 and 256:
There is significant evidence that
Page 257 and 258:
■■■the desirability of capaci
Page 259 and 260:
CHAPTER9Theinternational dimensiono
Page 261 and 262:
the issues relating to trade in aud
Page 263 and 264:
Development of the European Commiss
Page 265 and 266:
and bound tariff rates have decline
Page 267 and 268:
and continue negotiations on the Ag
Page 269 and 270:
9.3.4 TRIPS AgreementWith respect t
Page 271 and 272:
9.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity persp
Page 273 and 274:
9.5 WIPO Development AgendaAt the W
Page 275 and 276:
Cooperation has continued to work w
Page 277 and 278:
come obstacles faced by poor commun
Page 279 and 280:
9.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity be
Page 281 and 282:
CHAPTER10 Lessons learned and polic
Page 283 and 284:
VI. The creative economy cuts acros
Page 285 and 286:
the creative industries in the Unit
Page 287 and 288:
policymakers, researchers and pract
Page 289 and 290:
Another mechanism to promote South-
Page 291 and 292:
10.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneu
Page 293 and 294:
ReferencesBooks and articlesAcheson
Page 295 and 296:
of Definitions of the Cultural and
Page 297 and 298:
ativity for its management”, in C
Page 299 and 300:
Taylor, Calvin (2006). “Beyond Ad
Page 301 and 302:
Department of Communications, Infor
Page 303 and 304:
PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). “G
Page 305 and 306:
______(2004). São Paulo Consensus:
Page 307 and 308:
The 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultu
Page 309 and 310:
Statistical Annex
Page 311 and 312:
Explanatory notes (continued)Art cr
Page 313 and 314:
Explanatory notes (continued)Obviou
Page 315 and 316:
Explanatory notes (continued)EBOPSE
Page 317 and 318:
Country Profile: Argentina (continu
Page 319 and 320:
Country Profile: Argentina (continu
Page 321 and 322:
Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
Page 323 and 324:
Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
Page 325 and 326:
Distribution of developing economie
Page 327 and 328:
Distribution of developed economies
Page 329 and 330:
Distribution of economies by trade
Page 331 and 332:
TABLE1.1IMPORTS (c.i.f., in million
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesAsiaE
Page 339 and 340:
TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesEaste
Page 341 and 342:
TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesAsiaE
Page 343 and 344:
TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesEaste
Page 345 and 346:
CREATIVE GOODS: EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
Page 347 and 348:
EXPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
Page 349 and 350:
IMPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
Page 351 and 352:
EXPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
Page 353 and 354:
IMPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
Page 355 and 356:
EXPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
Page 357 and 358:
IMPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
Page 359 and 360:
EXPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Page 361 and 362:
IMPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Page 363 and 364:
EXPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
Page 365 and 366:
IMPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
Page 367 and 368:
EXPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
Page 369 and 370:
IMPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
Page 371 and 372:
EXPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
Page 373 and 374:
IMPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
Page 375 and 376:
Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE EC
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
TABLE3.2.ADeveloping economies (2)E
Page 385 and 386:
TABLE3.2.BDeveloping economies (2)E
Page 387 and 388:
TABLE3.3.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
TABLE3.3.BIMPORTS (in millions of $
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
show all

Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?