Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

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Box 8.5 continuedCultural policy in action: The Nairobi Plan of ActionThe priority recommendations arising from the Nairobi Plan of Action are fourfold:■■■■to map existing cultural activities, structures, resources and products in all member States;to identify and consider regional and sectoral specificities and strengths to enable the rationalization of legislation, policies and resources;to conduct research to assess the economic impact of cultural industries and initiatives; andto establish regional cultural think tanks to source information and debate the status of each subsector.1 The Observatory of Cultural Policies in Africa has been assisting African governments and promoting private-sector initiatives aiming at better coordination of culturalpolicies on the continent. It has developed a network for sharing regular international information and promoting regional initiatives. See:http://ocpa.irmo.hr/resources/ref/AU_POA_Industries_2005-en.pdf .8Policy strategies for the creative industries230 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
CHAPTER9Theinternational dimensionof creative-industries policy9.1 The international policy frameworkMultilateral processes are the essence of internationalpolicies and the driving force to move forward theinternational economic and development agenda. The creativeeconomy is growing and innovating at an unprecedentedrate in regions that previously were lagging behindthe development curve. However, the creative economycannot be seen in isolation. Global processes play a keyrole in shaping public policies at the national and internationallevels. Multilateral negotiations and intergovernmentaldebates taking place in international organizations,particularly in the context of the United Nations familyand the WTO, are paramount to advancing internationalaction and to ensuring that the full economic and developmentbenefits of the creative economy are realized indeveloping countries.The creative economy concept emerged within aninternational policy framework highly influenced by theMillennium Declaration that was unanimously adopted atthe United Nations General Assembly in 2000 by theinternational community, comprising 189 Member States.In order to achieve the eight Millennium <strong>Development</strong>Goals (MDGs) by 2015, United Nations bodies havearticulated a series of policy instruments to assist developingcountries in the process of responding to thesechallenges.In 2008 an unprecedented and multifaceted globalcrisis erupted, sending the entire world into a full-fledgedrecession in 2009. The economic collapse reflected a seriesof other recent crises affecting not only the financial system,but also the prospects for food, energy, commodities,health and climate change. The global recession underminedopportunities for many countries for jobs, growthand economic and social well-being, seriously jeopardizingthe achievement of the MDGs targets set for 2015. As aresult, the poverty gap within and between countriesincreased, and global unemployment reached 212 millionin 2009. 1 Urban and rural poverty rose due to fallinghousehold incomes and more limited access to basic food,health, education, jobs, energy and essential services. Thesecrises had serious consequences for many developing countries,in particular the LDCs. 2 Despite signs of recovery, bymid-2010 it was still unclear how long the crisis willendure and when the real economy, employment and tradewill recover.The developmental impact of the crisis has beendeep. It was estimated that more than 40 per cent of developingcountries were exposed to poverty effects in 2009,with 55 million more people living below the poverty linethan before the crisis. Deteriorating economic conditionshave broad repercussions for the MDGs, with up to400,000 more infant deaths per year; a major increase ofpeople living with chronic hunger reaching 1 billion;reduced prospects to empower women; serious impacts onhealth and education; and increased financial constraints inbuilding the infrastructure needed to meet environmentalobjectives.In this sombre context, the creative economy is notthe only solution but is a feasible option that can help fosterdevelopment. By dealing with economic, cultural, socialand technological issues, it offers some possible ways tosupport developing-country efforts to advance developmentin line with the MDGs. This chapter highlights themandates and the work being carried out by multilateralorganizations with relevance for the creative economy.9The international dimension of creative-industries policy1 ILO (2009).2 UNCTAD (2009). Evolution of the international trading system and international trade from a development perspective: impact of the crisis.CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010231
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ContentsForeword...................
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3.4.2 Large-scale corporate enterpr
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7. Technology, connectivity and the
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LIST OF BOXES1.1 A creative entrepr
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5.9 Creative goods: Exports, by reg
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5.13 Audiovisuals: Exports, by econ
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ForewordThe United Nations publishe
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AcknowledgementsThe Creative Econom
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Scope of this reportThe Creative Ec
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Chapter 1 explores evolving concept
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Ten key messagesThis policy-oriente
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IX. In the aftermath of the crisis,
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GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP Gro
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The Creative Economy1PART
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CHAPTER1Conceptand context of thecr
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1Concept and context of the creativ
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1Box 1.1 continuedA creative entrep
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1Box 1.2 continuedThe creative city
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2The development dimensioneties. Th
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Box 2.1South-South sharing of creat
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2The development dimension2.2.3 Soc
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2Box 2.2 continuedBrazilian carniva
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Box 2.3Africa Remix: Africa speakin
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2The development dimensionrequire c
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2The development dimensionconcrete
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2The development dimensionreforms,
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2The development dimensionThailand:
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2The development dimensionTurkey: I
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2The development dimensionMinistry.
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2The development dimensionvisual ar
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2The development dimension2.4.5 The
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Box 2.7 continuedBrand Jamaica as t
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2The development dimensionpublisher
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Box 2.8 continuedThe Bolshoi: A sub
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2The development dimension2.5.1 Cre
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2The development dimension■solar
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2The development dimensionBox 2.13E
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72 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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3.2 Organization of the creative ec
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3Analysing the creative economythat
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3Analysing the creative economyketi
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3Analysing the creative economydiff
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3Analysing the creative economy3.3.
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3Analysing the creative economychai
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3Analysing the creative economygrou
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6766.966.27878.179.7*3940.041.6*363
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3Analysing the creative economyissu
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3Analysing the creative economybeca
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3Analysing the creative economy■
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4Towards an evidence-based assessme
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4.7 The case for a trade model for
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elated to need and comparable. Seco
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4.8.2 Summary comparison of statist
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Table 4.4 continuedCreative service
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■■The same rationale applies to
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Box 4.1Reality and numbers4Towards
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124 CREATIVE ECONOMY REPORT 2010
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5importing countries. It is not yet
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5International trade in creative go
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Chart 5.4a Share of economic groups
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Chart 5.6AlldevelopingeconomiesAsia
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profile their trade performance in
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82.5 per cent in 2002 to 77 per cen
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Trade (GATT) and Article V of the G
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Table 5.12aRankExporterArt crafts:
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socio-economic growth, performing a
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Tajikistan), underscores the promis
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except in South Africa. Recently st
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from $3.5 billion in 2002 to $7 bil
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India remains the world largest fil
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RadioDespite recent changes in life
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first and second, exporting nearly
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The aim of this report is to sensit
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ative content. Issues relating to m
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tions. The rationale for including
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Table 5.28Chart 5.19(in billions of
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Table 5.30 Related goods: Imports,
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The Role of IntellectualProperty an
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CHAPTER6Therole of intellectual pro
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Box 6.1Design as a key ingredient f
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defined in national legislation. Th
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has developed rapidly over the last
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and made commercially available by
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Page 211 and 212: Box 6.4Jewellery: A magic marriage
Page 213 and 214: ing at least until the first sale o
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Page 217 and 218: CHAPTER7Technology,connectivityand
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Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.4Subscribers per 100 inh.4
Page 223 and 224: Table 7.2DimensionDigital enablersD
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Page 237 and 238: CHAPTER8Policystrategies for the cr
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Page 241 and 242: 8.3 The policy processThe process o
Page 243 and 244: 8.4.2 Provision of finance andinves
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Page 247 and 248: Box 8.2Alternative Currencies in Br
Page 249 and 250: Box 8.3 continuedThe Egyptian film
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Page 269 and 270: 9.3.4 TRIPS AgreementWith respect t
Page 271 and 272: 9.4 UNESCO cultural-diversity persp
Page 273 and 274: 9.5 WIPO Development AgendaAt the W
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Page 277 and 278: come obstacles faced by poor commun
Page 279 and 280: 9.8 UNEP: Promoting biodiversity be
Page 281 and 282: CHAPTER10 Lessons learned and polic
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Page 291 and 292: 10.3.2 Role of creative entrepreneu
Page 293 and 294: ReferencesBooks and articlesAcheson
Page 295 and 296: of Definitions of the Cultural and
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Page 299 and 300: Taylor, Calvin (2006). “Beyond Ad
Page 301 and 302: Department of Communications, Infor
Page 303 and 304: PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). “G
Page 305 and 306: ______(2004). São Paulo Consensus:
Page 307 and 308: The 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultu
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Statistical Annex
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Explanatory notes (continued)Art cr
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Explanatory notes (continued)Obviou
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Explanatory notes (continued)EBOPSE
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Argentina (continu
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Country Profile: Turkey (continued)
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Distribution of developing economie
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Distribution of developed economies
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Distribution of economies by trade
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TABLE1.1IMPORTS (c.i.f., in million
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.ADeveloping economiesEaste
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesAsiaE
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TABLE1.2.BDeveloping economiesEaste
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CREATIVE GOODS: EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
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EXPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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IMPORTS OF ALL CREATIVE SERVICES (1
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EXPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF ADVERTISING AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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IMPORTS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELATE
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EXPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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IMPORTS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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EXPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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IMPORTS OF PERSONAL, CULTURAL AND R
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EXPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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IMPORTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AND RELATED
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EXPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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IMPORTS OF OTHER PERSONAL, CULTURAL
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Statistical Annex Part 2CREATIVE EC
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TABLE3.2.ADeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.2.BDeveloping economies (2)E
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TABLE3.3.AEXPORTS (in millions of $
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TABLE3.3.BIMPORTS (in millions of $
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Creative Economy: A Feasible Development Option

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