James Stewart-Calculus_ Early Transcendentals-Cengage Learning (2015)

230 Chapter 3 Differentiation Rules
In Section 3.4 we showed that
d
dx sbx d − b x ln b
So the rate of growth of the bacteria population at time t is
dn
dt
− d dt sn 02 t d − n 0 2 t ln 2
For example, suppose that we start with an initial population of n 0 − 100 bacteria.
Then the rate of growth after 4 hours is
dn
dt
Z − 100 ? 2 4 ln 2 − 1600 ln 2 < 1109
t−4
This means that, after 4 hours, the bacteria population is growing at a rate of about
1109 bacteria per hour. ■
ExamplE 7 When we consider the flow of blood through a blood vessel, such as a
vein or artery, we can model the shape of the blood vessel by a cylindrical tube with
radius R and length l as illustrated in Figure 8.
R
r
FIGURE 8
Blood flow in an artery
l
Because of friction at the walls of the tube, the velocity v of the blood is greatest along
the central axis of the tube and decreases as the distance r from the axis increases until
v becomes 0 at the wall. The relationship between v and r is given by the law of laminar
flow discovered by the French physician Jean-Louis-Marie Poiseuille in 1840. This
law states that
1 v − P
4l sR2 2 r 2 d
For more detailed information, see
W. Nichols and M. O’Rourke (eds.),
McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries:
Theoretical, Experimental, and Clinical
Principles, 5th ed. (New York, 2005).
where is the viscosity of the blood and P is the pressure difference between the ends
of the tube. If P and l are constant, then v is a function of r with domain f0, Rg.
The average rate of change of the velocity as we move from r − r 1 outward to
r − r 2 is given by
Dv
Dr − vsr 2d 2 vsr 1 d
r 2 2 r 1
and if we let Dr l 0, we obtain the velocity gradient, that is, the instantaneous rate of
change of velocity with respect to r:
Using Equation 1, we obtain
Dv
velocity gradient − lim
Dr l 0 Dr − dv
dr
dv
dr −
P
Pr
s0 2 2rd − 2
4l 2l
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