Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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106 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MADE VITREOUS FIBERS Figure 7.2 (continued over) Lung burdens of (a) WHO fibers, (b) fibers >10 µm in length, and (c) fibers >20 µm in length per mg dry lung tissue from the lungs of rats continuously exposed to 30 mg m −3 of the five different MMVFs. Rats were killed at least 24 h after the exposure was stopped, the right accessory lobe was frozen and later low temperature ashed for fiber recovery. Industrial hygiene studies RCF Industrial hygiene monitoring data obtained on a regular basis at locations
Figure 7.2 Continued where RCF products are manufactured show that exposures are generally below 1.0 f cm −3 , typically below 0.2 f cm −3 . In a recent study, RCF levels during various end-user operations ranged from 0.12 to 1.55 f cm −3 with an overall mean and SD of 0.74±0.49 f cm −3 (Lees et al., 1993b). Other end-user studies have indicated that RCF exposures can exceed 5 f cm −3 or higher if appropriate engineering controls and work practices are not followed (Schuller, 1985–1988). Fiber glass T.W.HESTERBERG ET AL. 107 Recently, studies which examined human aerosol exposure to fiber glass in manufacturing, installation and removal, and in ambient air were reviewed (Hesterberg and Hart, 1994). In most cases, human exposures to airborne fiber glass during manufacturing and installation fell well below the OSHAproposed permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1 f cm −3 air (OSHA, 1992). Airborne fiber concentrations during FG manufacturing operations are typically less than 0.2 f cm −3 , with the majority being less than 0.1 f cm −3 . Exceptions include manufacture of finer diameter fiber glass and blowing installation of loose fiber glass that is either milled or lacks binder. Airborne levels averaging greater than 1 f cm −3 have been reported in the production of finer diameter fiber glass (TIMA, 1990), while blowing installation of loose fiber glass without binder resulted in a task length average (TLA) of 7.67 f cm −3 , and an 8-h TWA of 1.96 f cm −3 (Lees et al., 1993a). Blowing installation of loose mineral wool also resulted in higher aerosol levels; a
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds
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This edition published in the Taylo
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8. Pulmonary Toxicity Studies with
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Preface A large number of chemical
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Contributors May Akrawi Department
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Beverly M.Kulig TNO Toxicology, Dep
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Richard A.Versen Schuller MTC, Heal
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1 Biomonitoring and Absorption of I
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4 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF I
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10 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF
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2 Toxicokinetics and Biodisposition
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14 TOXICOKINETICS AND BIODISPOSITIO
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3 Metabolic Activation of Industria
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38 METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF INDUSTRI
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4 Sizing up the Problem of Exposure
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46 SIZING UP THE PROBLEM OF EXPOSUR
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Page 74 and 75: 5 Metabolism of Reactive Chemicals
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Page 86 and 87: 6 Methods for the Determination of
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Page 104 and 105: PART THREE Pulmonary toxicology of
Page 106 and 107: 92 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MA
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156 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA INDUCED BY
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12 Biomarkers and Risk Assessment K
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160 BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
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168 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
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14 Molecular Approaches to Assess C
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182 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS
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198 EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TO THE I
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208 USE OF LONG-TERM CULTURES OF HE
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PART FIVE Mechanisms of toxicity of
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224 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION normal
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226 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION demons
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228 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION Specie
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230 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION intend
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232 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION BENTLE
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234 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION KRAUPP
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236 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION POPP,
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18 Neurotoxicity Testing of Industr
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240 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
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256 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THY
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20 Testing and Evaluation for Repro
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282 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
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PART SIX Toxicity of selected class
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302 SPECIAL POINTS IN THE TOXICITY
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310 TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS
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318 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIS
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340 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Inter
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342 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Figur
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344 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS probl
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346 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS nonio
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348 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS and t
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350 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS long-
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352 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS COULS
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354
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25 Low Dose of a Genotoxic Carcinog
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358 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE Tabl
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360 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE year
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26 Controversial Mechanistic and Re
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364 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SAFETY
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374 INDEX 2-bromo-glutathionyl 64 B
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376 INDEX Gas chromatography/mass s
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378 INDEX mRNA analysis 211 Mutagen
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380 INDEX Surfactants 338-55 acute
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