Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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PART SIX Toxicity of selected classes of industrial chemicals
21 Special Points in the Toxicity Assessment of Colorants (Dyes and Pigments) HERMANN M.BOLT Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund, Dortmund Introduction Colorants (dyes and pigments) are very important industrial chemicals. A special point in the toxicological assessment of such compounds is their bioavailability upon inhalation. From the technological point of view pigments are colorants which are insoluble whereas dyes are soluble in the application mixture. Biologically, the most relevant route of potential exposure of humans to colorants is by inhalation. If a pigment is biologically insoluble, it may finally be removed from the airways by clearance mechanisms. However, in practice the situation is much more complicated. For instance, chromates are technically important pigments which are well investigated. Biochemical and toxicological research has shown that the common toxicological principle of chromates which penetrate the cell membrane and, after intracellular transformation, exert genotoxic effects, is the chromate anion (CrO ). In terms of inhalatory carcinogenicity, the very water-soluble alkali chromates and the practically insoluble lead chromate have the lowest potency. Pigments of an intermediate solubility, e.g. calcium chromate, zinc chromate, strontium chromate, have a high carcinogenic potency on the respiratory tract. Local storage of chromate particles in the airways with a slow but continuous local release of CrO seems therefore to be an important factor in respiratory carcinogenesis induced by chromates. But also lead chromate, which is technically regarded as insoluble, is bioavailable to some extent; this is visualized by practical cases of occupational lead chromate exposure which display markedly elevated blood lead levels. The question of systemic bioavailability, upon inhalation, became of recent regulatory importance for azo colorants based on carcinogenic aromatic amines. This problem has already been addressed in detail (Myslak and Bolt, 1988).
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds
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This edition published in the Taylo
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8. Pulmonary Toxicity Studies with
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Preface A large number of chemical
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Contributors May Akrawi Department
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Beverly M.Kulig TNO Toxicology, Dep
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Richard A.Versen Schuller MTC, Heal
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1 Biomonitoring and Absorption of I
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4 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF I
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10 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF
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2 Toxicokinetics and Biodisposition
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14 TOXICOKINETICS AND BIODISPOSITIO
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3 Metabolic Activation of Industria
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38 METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF INDUSTRI
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4 Sizing up the Problem of Exposure
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46 SIZING UP THE PROBLEM OF EXPOSUR
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5 Metabolism of Reactive Chemicals
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62 METABOLISM OF REACTIVE CHEMICALS
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6 Methods for the Determination of
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74 METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
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PART THREE Pulmonary toxicology of
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92 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MA
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100 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-M
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118 PULMONARY TOXICITY STUDIES WITH
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130 PULMONARY HYPERREACTIVITY TO IN
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10 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Sensitiz
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140 MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY SENSITI
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150 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA INDUCED BY
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12 Biomarkers and Risk Assessment K
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160 BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
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168 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
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14 Molecular Approaches to Assess C
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182 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS
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198 EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TO THE I
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208 USE OF LONG-TERM CULTURES OF HE
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PART FIVE Mechanisms of toxicity of
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224 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION normal
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226 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION demons
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228 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION Specie
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230 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION intend
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232 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION BENTLE
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234 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION KRAUPP
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236 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION POPP,
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18 Neurotoxicity Testing of Industr
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240 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
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Page 264 and 265: 250 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
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Page 296 and 297: 282 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
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Page 332 and 333: 318 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIS
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350 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS long-
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352 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS COULS
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354
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25 Low Dose of a Genotoxic Carcinog
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358 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE Tabl
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360 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE year
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26 Controversial Mechanistic and Re
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364 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SAFETY
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374 INDEX 2-bromo-glutathionyl 64 B
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376 INDEX Gas chromatography/mass s
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378 INDEX mRNA analysis 211 Mutagen
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380 INDEX Surfactants 338-55 acute
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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