Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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338 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILISERS: TOXIC EFFECT treatment with microsomal enzyme inducers and in vitro assay conditions, Endocrinology, 133, 2177–86. WESTERMARK, K., KARLSSON, F.A. and WESTERMARK, B., 1985, Thyrotropin modulates EGF receptor function in porcine thyroid follicle cells, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 40, 17–23. WILLIAMS, G.M., McQUEEN, C.A. and TONG, C., 1990a, Toxicity studies of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. I. Genetic and cellular effects, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 28, 793–8. WILLIAMS, G.M., WANG, C.X. and IATROPOULOS, M.J., 1990b, Toxicity studies of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene, II. Chronic feeding studies. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 28, 799–806. ZBINDEN, G., 1987, Assessment of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the thyroid gland, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 8, 11–14.
24 Toxicology of Surfactants: Molecular, Mechanistic and Regulatory Aspects WALTER STERZEL Henkel KGaA, Düsseldorf Introduction The vast distribution of surfactants in various products in everyday use requires that the unwanted effects as well as the desired properties are known in order to recognize possible risks and prevent any damage to the health of humans. In order to understand the effects of surfactants on the organism, their most important biochemical effects, which depend on the interaction of surface active agents with basic biological structures like membranes, proteins and enzymes, are discussed. Following this discussion the local effects of surfactants are described. Local in this sense are all the effects encountered directly at the point of contact with the outer surfaces of the body, such as skin and mucous membrane irritation as well as allergies arising from skin contact. After this section the toxicokinetic properties of surfactants, providing information about type and extent of absorption by organisms, metabolic pathways and their elimination are discussed. The section on systemic effects deals, in contrast to local effects, with reactions arising after the substance has entered the organism by swallowing, skin penetration or inhalation. Due to their technical and economic importance, surfactants have been used extensively for decades. This resulted in an abundance of scientific publications concerning their effects on organisms. As a complete review would exceed the scope of this contribution, the focus will centre on a description of exemplary data which are important for the evaluation of the safety of surfactants. Biochemical properties of surfactants Surfactants come into immediate contact with the body during cleaning of the skin and act on the skin cells directly. When surfactants are swallowed unin tentionally, tissue damage is also possible. The question of the effects on the cells and cell components like membranes, proteins and enzymes is therefore also important from a toxicological point of view.
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds
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This edition published in the Taylo
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8. Pulmonary Toxicity Studies with
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Preface A large number of chemical
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Contributors May Akrawi Department
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Beverly M.Kulig TNO Toxicology, Dep
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Richard A.Versen Schuller MTC, Heal
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1 Biomonitoring and Absorption of I
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4 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF I
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10 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF
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2 Toxicokinetics and Biodisposition
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14 TOXICOKINETICS AND BIODISPOSITIO
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3 Metabolic Activation of Industria
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38 METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF INDUSTRI
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4 Sizing up the Problem of Exposure
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46 SIZING UP THE PROBLEM OF EXPOSUR
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5 Metabolism of Reactive Chemicals
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62 METABOLISM OF REACTIVE CHEMICALS
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6 Methods for the Determination of
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74 METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
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PART THREE Pulmonary toxicology of
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92 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MA
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100 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-M
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118 PULMONARY TOXICITY STUDIES WITH
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130 PULMONARY HYPERREACTIVITY TO IN
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10 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Sensitiz
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140 MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY SENSITI
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150 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA INDUCED BY
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12 Biomarkers and Risk Assessment K
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160 BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
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168 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
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14 Molecular Approaches to Assess C
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182 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS
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198 EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TO THE I
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208 USE OF LONG-TERM CULTURES OF HE
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PART FIVE Mechanisms of toxicity of
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224 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION normal
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226 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION demons
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228 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION Specie
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230 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION intend
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232 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION BENTLE
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234 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION KRAUPP
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236 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION POPP,
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18 Neurotoxicity Testing of Industr
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240 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
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256 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THY
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20 Testing and Evaluation for Repro
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282 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
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Page 302 and 303: 288 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
Page 314 and 315: PART SIX Toxicity of selected class
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Page 324 and 325: 310 TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS
Page 332 and 333: 318 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIS
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Page 356 and 357: 342 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Figur
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Page 360 and 361: 346 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS nonio
Page 362 and 363: 348 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS and t
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Page 370 and 371: 25 Low Dose of a Genotoxic Carcinog
Page 372 and 373: 358 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE Tabl
Page 374 and 375: 360 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE year
Page 376 and 377: 26 Controversial Mechanistic and Re
Page 378 and 379: 364 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SAFETY
Page 388 and 389: 374 INDEX 2-bromo-glutathionyl 64 B
Page 390 and 391: 376 INDEX Gas chromatography/mass s
Page 392 and 393: 378 INDEX mRNA analysis 211 Mutagen
Page 394 and 395: 380 INDEX Surfactants 338-55 acute
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