Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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262 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THYROID Figure 19.4 Cultured porcine thyrocytes in vitro. These scanning electron micrographs show (a) individual cultured ‘inverted’ follicles, and (b) individual follicular epithelial cells at higher magnification (apical membrane facing upwards) displaying TSH-stimulated microvilli.
C.K.ATTERWILL AND S.P.AYLWARD 263 Figure 19.5 Factors influencing the development of thyroid neoplasia. Two consecutive processes are thought to occur in the development of thyroid tumours; first, initiation which occurs quickly and is irreversible and secondly, promotion which occurs slowly and is reversible (and for which cell proliferation may be a necessary but not sufficient condition). Initiators may be ionising radiation, chemical/biological agents or genetic factors, with TSH acting as a promotion agent. Spontaneous thyroid follicular cell tumours arise from unknown aetiologies and factors and ageinduced changes in the cell membrane, growth factor and signaltransduction mechanisms may be involved. Small subpopulations of hyperreactive epithelial cells retaining the high replication rate of the foetal stage have been identified (Peter et al., 1982; Smeds et al., 1987) which may enter clonal expansion following only slight elevations in TSH (such as those in handled or stressed animals) or other growth factors, leading to spontaneous nodular goitres (see Zbinden, 1987). Many experimental studies have confirmed the key role of TSH as a stimulator of thyroid growth. In a rat thyroid cell line (FRTL-5) TSHstimulated growth of the cells was found to be associated with a marked increase in c-fos and c-myc oncogene expression (Colletta et al., 1986). Another example of the tumour promoting capacity of TSH is given by
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds
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This edition published in the Taylo
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8. Pulmonary Toxicity Studies with
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Preface A large number of chemical
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Contributors May Akrawi Department
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Beverly M.Kulig TNO Toxicology, Dep
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Richard A.Versen Schuller MTC, Heal
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1 Biomonitoring and Absorption of I
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4 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF I
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10 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF
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2 Toxicokinetics and Biodisposition
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14 TOXICOKINETICS AND BIODISPOSITIO
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3 Metabolic Activation of Industria
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38 METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF INDUSTRI
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4 Sizing up the Problem of Exposure
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46 SIZING UP THE PROBLEM OF EXPOSUR
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5 Metabolism of Reactive Chemicals
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62 METABOLISM OF REACTIVE CHEMICALS
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6 Methods for the Determination of
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74 METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
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PART THREE Pulmonary toxicology of
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92 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MA
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100 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-M
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118 PULMONARY TOXICITY STUDIES WITH
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130 PULMONARY HYPERREACTIVITY TO IN
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10 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Sensitiz
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140 MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY SENSITI
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150 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA INDUCED BY
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12 Biomarkers and Risk Assessment K
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160 BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
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168 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
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14 Molecular Approaches to Assess C
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182 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS
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198 EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TO THE I
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208 USE OF LONG-TERM CULTURES OF HE
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210 USE OF LONG-TERM CULTURES OF HE
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Page 236 and 237: PART FIVE Mechanisms of toxicity of
Page 238 and 239: 224 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION normal
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Page 242 and 243: 228 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION Specie
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Page 246 and 247: 232 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION BENTLE
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Page 252 and 253: 18 Neurotoxicity Testing of Industr
Page 254 and 255: 240 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
Page 270 and 271: 256 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THY
Page 294 and 295: 20 Testing and Evaluation for Repro
Page 296 and 297: 282 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
Page 314 and 315: PART SIX Toxicity of selected class
Page 316 and 317: 302 SPECIAL POINTS IN THE TOXICITY
Page 324 and 325: 310 TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS
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312 TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS
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318 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIS
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340 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Inter
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342 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Figur
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344 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS probl
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346 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS nonio
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348 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS and t
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350 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS long-
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352 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS COULS
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354
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25 Low Dose of a Genotoxic Carcinog
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358 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE Tabl
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360 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE year
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26 Controversial Mechanistic and Re
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364 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SAFETY
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374 INDEX 2-bromo-glutathionyl 64 B
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376 INDEX Gas chromatography/mass s
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378 INDEX mRNA analysis 211 Mutagen
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380 INDEX Surfactants 338-55 acute
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