Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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258 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THYROID Figure 19.2 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-liver (HPTL) axis. themselves from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland (see also review by Cavalieri and Pitt-Rivers (1981) and Atterwill et al. (1993)). For example, thyromimetics such as L-T 3 or D-T 3 can cause pituitary atrophy and thyroid ‘shutdown’ and toxicity due to suppressive effects on the thyrotrophs in the adenohypophysis (Atterwill, 1988).
Figure 19.3 Thyroid follicular epithelial cell function. C.K.ATTERWILL AND S.P.AYLWARD 259 Control of thyroid function and pathobiology of thyroid lesions Xenobiotic toxic effects on the hypothalamic-pituitarythyroid-liver (H-P-T-L) axis The control of mammalian thyroid follicular function is shown schematically in Figure 19.2 together with the points at which agents may perturb function and cause toxicity and thyroid lesions. The most common classes of agent affecting function are discussed at the different loci in terms of the categories (1–4) of endocrine toxicity (Atterwill and Flack, 1993). The various control mechanisms and factors influencing hormone synthesis, distribution and metabolism can be summarised as follows: thyroid hormone (T 3 and T 4) synthesis and secretion from thyroid gland are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the pituitary gland. This in turn is under control by hypothalamic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and circulating levels of the thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones exist in the circulation in the free (free T 4 (FT 4) and free T 3 (FT 3)) and protein-bound forms (approx 99 per cent of total T 4- TT 4 and total T 3-TT 3) and it is the FT 3 hormone produced by deiodination from T 4 which has both a physiological action on T 3 nuclear receptors in target tissues and influences pituitary TSH output.
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds
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This edition published in the Taylo
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8. Pulmonary Toxicity Studies with
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Preface A large number of chemical
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Contributors May Akrawi Department
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Beverly M.Kulig TNO Toxicology, Dep
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Richard A.Versen Schuller MTC, Heal
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1 Biomonitoring and Absorption of I
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4 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF I
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10 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF
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2 Toxicokinetics and Biodisposition
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14 TOXICOKINETICS AND BIODISPOSITIO
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3 Metabolic Activation of Industria
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38 METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF INDUSTRI
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4 Sizing up the Problem of Exposure
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46 SIZING UP THE PROBLEM OF EXPOSUR
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5 Metabolism of Reactive Chemicals
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62 METABOLISM OF REACTIVE CHEMICALS
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6 Methods for the Determination of
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74 METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
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PART THREE Pulmonary toxicology of
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92 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MA
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100 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-M
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118 PULMONARY TOXICITY STUDIES WITH
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130 PULMONARY HYPERREACTIVITY TO IN
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10 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Sensitiz
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140 MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY SENSITI
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150 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA INDUCED BY
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12 Biomarkers and Risk Assessment K
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160 BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
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168 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
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14 Molecular Approaches to Assess C
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182 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS
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198 EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TO THE I
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Page 222 and 223: 208 USE OF LONG-TERM CULTURES OF HE
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Page 242 and 243: 228 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION Specie
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Page 246 and 247: 232 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION BENTLE
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Page 252 and 253: 18 Neurotoxicity Testing of Industr
Page 254 and 255: 240 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
Page 270 and 271: 256 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THY
Page 294 and 295: 20 Testing and Evaluation for Repro
Page 296 and 297: 282 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
Page 314 and 315: PART SIX Toxicity of selected class
Page 316 and 317: 302 SPECIAL POINTS IN THE TOXICITY
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308 SPECIAL POINTS IN THE TOXICITY
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310 TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS
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318 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIS
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340 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Inter
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342 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Figur
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344 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS probl
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346 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS nonio
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348 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS and t
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350 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS long-
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352 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS COULS
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25 Low Dose of a Genotoxic Carcinog
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358 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE Tabl
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360 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE year
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26 Controversial Mechanistic and Re
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364 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SAFETY
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374 INDEX 2-bromo-glutathionyl 64 B
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376 INDEX Gas chromatography/mass s
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378 INDEX mRNA analysis 211 Mutagen
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380 INDEX Surfactants 338-55 acute
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