Toxicology of Industrial Compounds

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196 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS CANCER RISKS TÖRNQVIST, M., OSTERMAN-GOLKAR, S., KAUTIAINEN, A., JENSEN, S., FARMER P.B. and EHRENBERG, L., 1986b, Tissue doses of ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers determined from adduct levels in haemoglobin, Carcinogenesis, 7, 1519–21. WRAITH, M.J., WATSON, W.P., EADSFORTH, C.V., VAN SITTERT, N.J., TÖRNQVIST, M. and WRIGHT, A.S., 1988, An immunoassay for monitoring human exposure to ethylene oxide in Bartsch, H., Hemminki, K., and O’Neill, I.K. (Eds) Methods for Detecting DNA Damaging Agents in Humans: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, IARC Scientific Publications No. 89, pp. 271–4, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. WRIGHT, A.S., 1991, Emerging strategies for the determination of human carcinogens, detection, identification, exposure monitoring and risk evaluation, in Garner, R.C, Farmer, P.B., Steel, G.T. and Wright, A.S. (Eds) Human Carcinogen Exposure: Biomonitoring and Risk Assessment, pp. 3–23, Oxford: Oxford University Press. WRIGHT, A.S., BRADSHAW, T.K. and WATSON, W.P., 1988, Prospective detection and assessment of genotoxic hazards: a critical appreciation of the contribution of L.G.Ehrenberg, in Bartsch, H., Hemminki, K. and O’Neill, I.K. (Eds) Methods for Detecting DNA Damaging Agents in Humans: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, IARC Scientific Publications No. 89, pp. 237–47, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
15 Evaluation of Toxicity to the Immune System HANS-WERNER VOHR Bayer AG, Wuppertal Introduction A number of years ago the new field of immunotoxicology was established. Very early on, calls were heard from various sides demanding that the development of new chemicals should also take into account the influence of these substances on the immune system (Dean, 1979; Luster et al., 1988; Trizio, et al., 1988). These demands led on the one hand to the initiation of a number of investigations and collaborative studies (ICICIS; BGA; US- NTP), on the other hand to thoughts by the authorities and industry on the introduction of guidelines (US-EPA, 1982, 1990; Sjoblad, 1988; ECETOC, 1990; UK-DOH, 1991; Hinton, 1992; OECD, 1992ab. If we define immunotoxicology as the science of adverse effects of substances on the immune system we can say further that these side-effects can lead to either immunopotentiation or immunosuppression. The former can lead to induction of autoimmune reactions and to Type I-IV hypersensitivity reactions, the latter to reduced resistance to infection, development of cancer and also to autoimmune phenomena. On the basis of this definition, immunotoxicological investigations have already been carried out for years during the development of substances; namely with respect to DTH reactions (Type IV) in the guinea pig (Bühler, 1965; Magnusson and Kligman, 1969). As an alternative to these tests in the guinea pig, the so-called local lymph node assay (LLNA) in the mouse according to Kimber et al. (1989) was developed and validated and has meanwhile been adopted as alternative test in the OECD guidelines (OECD, 1992a, b; Botham et al., 1991). The development or selection of suitable tests for immunotoxicological screening and thus for incorporation in guidelines presents considerable problems. Most of the tests which have been proposed for immunotoxicological investigations and most knowledge and experience in immunology are based on mouse models. The standard animal in the early phase of toxicological testing, however, is the rat. Transference of the tests is not always easy, partly because of lack of suitable reagents.
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Toxicology of Industrial Compounds
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This edition published in the Taylo
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8. Pulmonary Toxicity Studies with
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Preface A large number of chemical
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Contributors May Akrawi Department
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Beverly M.Kulig TNO Toxicology, Dep
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Richard A.Versen Schuller MTC, Heal
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1 Biomonitoring and Absorption of I
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4 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF I
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10 BIOMONITORING AND ABSORPTION OF
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2 Toxicokinetics and Biodisposition
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14 TOXICOKINETICS AND BIODISPOSITIO
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3 Metabolic Activation of Industria
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38 METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF INDUSTRI
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4 Sizing up the Problem of Exposure
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46 SIZING UP THE PROBLEM OF EXPOSUR
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5 Metabolism of Reactive Chemicals
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62 METABOLISM OF REACTIVE CHEMICALS
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6 Methods for the Determination of
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74 METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
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PART THREE Pulmonary toxicology of
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92 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-MA
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100 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF MAN-M
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118 PULMONARY TOXICITY STUDIES WITH
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130 PULMONARY HYPERREACTIVITY TO IN
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10 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Sensitiz
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140 MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY SENSITI
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Page 160 and 161: 146 MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY SENSITI
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Page 164 and 165: 150 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA INDUCED BY
Page 172 and 173: 12 Biomarkers and Risk Assessment K
Page 174 and 175: 160 BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Page 182 and 183: 168 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
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Page 196 and 197: 182 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ASSESS
Page 212 and 213: 198 EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TO THE I
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Page 242 and 243: 228 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION Specie
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Page 252 and 253: 18 Neurotoxicity Testing of Industr
Page 254 and 255: 240 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
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246 NEUROTOXICITY TESTING OF INDUST
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256 ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY OF THE THY
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20 Testing and Evaluation for Repro
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282 TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR REPR
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PART SIX Toxicity of selected class
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302 SPECIAL POINTS IN THE TOXICITY
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310 TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS
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318 ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIS
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340 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Inter
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342 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS Figur
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344 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS probl
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346 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS nonio
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348 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS and t
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350 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS long-
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352 TOXICOLOGY OF SURFACTANTS COULS
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25 Low Dose of a Genotoxic Carcinog
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358 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE Tabl
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360 CARCINOGENESIS AT LOW DOSE year
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26 Controversial Mechanistic and Re
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364 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SAFETY
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374 INDEX 2-bromo-glutathionyl 64 B
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376 INDEX Gas chromatography/mass s
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378 INDEX mRNA analysis 211 Mutagen
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380 INDEX Surfactants 338-55 acute
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