Biofuels in Perspective

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JO 26.06.96 methanol Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production 89 CD PROCESS Transesterification of Biogenic Oils and Fats (Pat. DE 42 09 779, US 5,354,878) catalyst rapeseed oil Figure 5.5 Example of continuous single feedstock technology. 38 water biodesel fta esler glaero they use a solution of sodium methoxide or sodium hydroxide in methanol in order to get very low formation of soaps. After continuous transesterification process, which mostly is conducted in two steps at moderately elevated temperature and ambient pressure the glycerol layers, which are formed at the bottom layer of the reaction mixture, are separated and the raw methyl ester phase is further purified, mainly by different water washing steps. The final product is dried and can be used directly, without distillation, as biodiesel. Most of these biodiesel plants are combined with an oil seed crushing and raffination facility, so it is possible to use high refined oils as starting material. Also these big facilities mainly have an own glycerol purification technology including distillation of raw glycerol into pharmaceutical grade glycerol. The biggest biodiesel production plants mainly are not adapted to use oils with high content of free fatty acids like palm oil or waste oils. In most single feedstock production plants the glycerol phase is further processed in order to get pharmaceutical grade glycerol. Excess methanol is removed by distillation and the glycerol is distilled under high vacuum and treated with charcoal. The yields for these single feedstock technologies are almost 100 %, because side reactions like saponification are kept to a minimum due to low water and free fatty acid content in the starting material. 5.8.2 Multi Feedstock Technologies The so-called multi feedstock technologies are capable to process all kinds of various feedstocks, including vegetable oils with higher content of free fatty acids like unrefined oils or palm oil but also waste oils or animal fats. The main difference to single feedstock
90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Acid Catalyst Preparation Oil Pretreatment Fully automatic Transesterification Methylester Methanol-Recovery Methylester Purification – Distillation Qlitt Cl Glycerine phase After- treatment Fertilizer Separation Free Fatty Acid Recovery Crude Glycerine Methanol-Recovery Pharmaceutical Glycerine Production Figure 5.6 Multifeedstock production scheme according to BioDiesel International. 39 Fertilizer Crude Glycerine Pharmaglycerine BioDiesel Distillation side-product technologies is the use of additional reaction steps, like pre-esterification of free fatty acids. So in a first step free fatty acids are pre-esterified with the use of acidic catalysts, followed by one or two alkaline catalyzed transesterification steps. The raw fatty acid methyl esters are purified by water washing steps and additionally can be further refined by vacuum distillation. The main advantage of this technology is the fact that the yield of conversion of fatty acid material into fatty acid methyl esters is almost 100 %. The highest yield can be obtained, when remaining soaps in the glycerol layer are recycled by acidification of the glycerol and separation of free fatty acids, which can be reintroduced into the preesterification step or first step of transesterification. 39 Another approach for converting high acidic oils into fatty acid methyl esters is the conversion of fatty acids into glycerides, followed by traditional transesterification. 40 5.8.3 Small Scale Production Units A lot of production plants have a production capacity of up to 5000 t/a, using different feedstocks and different production technologies. Mostly these plants have not been built by big biodiesel technology companies, but the technology has been developed by individual groups and organizations based on own experience and development. The glycerol layer must be used directly without any purification, e.g. as substrate for biogas plants, or will be purified to be sold as raw glycerol. The catalyst for transesterifications is mainly potassium hydroxide, because it gives the highest conversion rates. Several of these production plants are organized as co-operatives, using vegetable oils produced locally, and also the biodiesel will be used by the members directly. Most of the very small production units don’t have their own facilities for quality control, so the quality of the product might vary and is not guaranteed to meet EN 14214.
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59: Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 66 and 67: Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
Page 70 and 71: 4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
Page 72 and 73: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 74 and 75: Share of energy consumption 100% 90
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.2 Main technological improv
Page 84 and 85: 4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
Page 90: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 93 and 94: 78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
Page 95 and 96: 80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
Page 97 and 98: 82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
Page 99 and 100: 84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
Page 101 and 102: 86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
Page 103: 88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
Page 107 and 108: 92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
Page 110 and 111: 6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Page 112 and 113: 6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
Page 114 and 115: Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 132 and 133: 7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
Page 134 and 135: Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
Page 136 and 137: Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
Page 138 and 139: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 140 and 141: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 142: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 145 and 146: 130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148: 132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150: 134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152: 136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154: 138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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