Biofuels in Perspective

236 Index
biofuels (Continued )
sources compared 4–7
biomass direct burning 4
stages
first generation 95
one-and-a-half generation 95–6
second generation 96, 113
and sustainable energy 223–4
utilization convenience 4–5
and world energy needs 2
biogas
advantages 191, 193–4
from anaerobic digestion 172–4, 173
contaminant removal 189–91
adsorption columns (PSA systems) 189,
190
carbon dioxide 189–90, 191
hydrogen sulfide 190, 191
quality control 189–91, 191
scrubbing methods 189, 190, 190, 191
economics 172–4, 174
from fermentation 172–4
production configurations 183–91
for dry digestion fermenters 184–5,
187–9, 188, 189
continuous mode 188–9, 189
inoculum 187–8
dry—wet fermentation 188, 188
retention times 187, 187
for wastewater digestion 183–4
UASB 183–4, 184
for wet digestion fermenters 184–7, 185,
187
direct feeding 186, 186
single v. double stage processes 186–7
storage facilities 186, 186, 187
vertical continuously stirred tank
fermenter 185
production potential 174
production potential (Brazil) 176–83, 191
from alcohol residues 176–7, 178, 179
anaerobic digestion 178
efficiency 178
from sugarcane residues 176–7, 177
production potential (Germany) 174–6
methane yield 176
plants 174, 175, 175
substrates 174, 175–6, 175
substrates 172, 173, 192–3
biorefinery waste 192, 192
developments 192–3
uses 171–2, 189, 190, 191
electricity 172–4, 174, 189
for fuel cells 189, 191
future prospects 193–4
biomass feedstock 153
for biodiesel production 79–80
affect cost 112–13
for biogas 174, 175–6, 175, 176
and carbon dioxide 228–32
collection 22–5
case study (Imperial, Neb.) 24, 25
economics 25–7, 26
regional supply organization 24–5
demand for 9
digestion to methane 171–94
energy balance 224–6, 225, 232
fossil fuel comparisons 224, 225
and greenhouse gas emissions 226–8,
232–3
polymer production 10
preprocessing
cellulose hydrolyzing 32–3
farmers (role of) 32
lignin 32
pentose sugars 32
pretreatment 29–31, 106–8, 106, 110
substrates 13–16, 43, 176
algae 79–80
bagasse 15, 51, 64–5, 177–8, 180,
182
black liquor 108–9
cellulosic materials 9–35
cereal straw 13–15
corn 43
fiber 15, 16
stover 13–15, 16, 224–6, 231
crop residues 34, 44
distillers’ grain 226, 231
energy crops (dedicated) 16
palm oil 79, 154, 168
plant oils 79, 117–27
poplar 16
process waste 16, 147
rapeseed oil 77–8, 79, 123, 154
soybean 15, 87, 123, 134, 154, 226–8
vinasse 178–80
willow 16, 224, 231
for syngas production 102, 106–9
world production 4
see also cellulosic materials
biomass support particles (BSPs) 136