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Biofuels in Perspective

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74 <strong>Biofuels</strong><br />

necessary to go much further than the comb<strong>in</strong>ed production of fuels and electricity, and go<br />

for chemicals, raw materials, lubricants, etc.<br />

A crucial po<strong>in</strong>t for Brazil is to enhance susta<strong>in</strong>ability of biofuels production. This<br />

challenge should be faced not just because of the opportunities for trad<strong>in</strong>g, but ma<strong>in</strong>ly<br />

because this is the only way to go. For most of the improvements required, law enforcement,<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestments and the use of adequate technology will be enough. However, the real challenge<br />

<strong>in</strong> Brazil is to improve wealth distribution and to prevent poverty. This is not a target to be<br />

faced only by the ethanol <strong>in</strong>dustry, but a good example should be given by one of the most<br />

successful economic sectors <strong>in</strong> the country.<br />

Brazil can produce and export a reasonable amount of biofuels but must, above all,<br />

exchange its expertise with other countries <strong>in</strong> order to make ethanol a real commodity.<br />

References<br />

1. Unica – União da Indústria de Cana de Açúcar (2007) Available at www.unica.com.br<br />

2. RFA – Renewable Fuels Association. Statistics data (2006) Available at http://www.ethanolrfa<br />

.org/<strong>in</strong>dustry/statistics/#C<br />

3. F. Rosillo-Calle, A. Walter (2006) Global market for bioethanol: historical trends and future<br />

prospects, Energy for Susta<strong>in</strong>able Development 10(1): 20–32.<br />

4. J. Goldemberg, S.T. Coelho, P.M. Nastari, O. Lucon (2004) Ethanol learn<strong>in</strong>g curve – the Brazilian<br />

experience, Biomass and Bioenergy 26(3): 301–4.<br />

5. S. Coelho, A. Walter, J. Goldemberg, D. Schiozer, F. Moreira et al. (2006) Efficiencies and<br />

Infrastructure Brazil – a country profile on susta<strong>in</strong>able development, Chapter 4 of Indigenous<br />

Energy Technologies, 1st ed. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, p. 252.<br />

6. ANP – Brazilian Oil Agency (2007) Data available at www.anp.gov.br<br />

7. CENEA – USP. Center of Applied Economics on Agriculture – University of São Paulo (2007)<br />

Data available at www.cepea.esalq.usp.br/<strong>in</strong>dicador/alcool/<br />

8. Brazil. M<strong>in</strong>istry of M<strong>in</strong>es and Energy (MME) (2006) Brazilian Energy Balance 2006, MME<br />

Press, Brasília, p. 192. Available at www.mme.gov.br/site/menu/<br />

9. Unica – União da Indústria de Cana de Açúcar (2006) Presentation at VI International Conference<br />

Datagro, São Paulo. Available at www.unica.com.br<br />

10. EPE – Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (2006) National Energy Plan 2030 – strategy for enlarg<strong>in</strong>g<br />

energy supply. Presentation at the M<strong>in</strong>istry of M<strong>in</strong>es and Energy, Brasília. Available at<br />

www.epe.gov.br<br />

11. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization (2007) Statistics Data. Available at www.faostat<br />

.fao.org<br />

12. J. Romm (2006) The car and fuel of the future, Energy Policy 34: 2609–14.<br />

13. J.D. van den Wall Bake (2006) Cane as key <strong>in</strong> Brazilian ethanol <strong>in</strong>dustry – Understand<strong>in</strong>g cost<br />

reductions through an experience curve approach, Masters thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht,<br />

p. 82.<br />

14. A. Walter (2006) Is Brazilian biofuels experience a model for other develop<strong>in</strong>g countries,<br />

Entwicklung & Ländlicher Raum 6: 22–4.<br />

15. F.O. Lichts (2006) World Ethanol & <strong>Biofuels</strong> Report, 5(7).<br />

16. M.C.B. Cavalcanti (2006) Análise dos Tributos Incidentes sobre os Combustíveis Automotivos<br />

no Brasil, Masters thesis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, p. 213.<br />

17. L.C.C. Carvalho (2001) Hora da virada, Agroanalysis 21(9).

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