Biofuels in Perspective

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Preface This volume on Biofuels fits within the series Renewable Resources. It covers the use and conversion technologies of biomass as a renewable resource to produce bio-energy in a sustainable way, mainly in the form of liquid and gaseous biofuels. These biofuels are a convenient renewable energy carrier for specific purposes, with transportation as an important application sector. Renewable biomass is produced annually, based on photosynthesis, and is available in different forms, depending on climatic conditions and economic situations around the world. Chemical and thermochemical methods, as well as fermentation and biocatalysis technologies, are essential to efficiently convert biomass directly or indirectly into biofuels, with bio-ethanol, biodiesel and biogas as today’s main practical players. In this context, green biotechnology, green chemistry and white biotechnology are to join forces to arrive at sustainable processes and fuels. The use of biofuels is quickly gaining momentum all over the world, and can be expected to have an ever-increasing impact on the energy and agricultural sector in particular. New and efficient ‘bio-cracking’ technologies for biomass are under development, while existing (thermo)chemical, fermentation and enzyme technologies are further optimized. These developments cover basic and applied research, pilot scale experimentation and demonstration plants for second generation biofuels. All foregoing scientific and technological aspects are treated in this volume by renowned experts in their field. In addition, the economical and ecological aspects of biofuels development and application are receiving due attention: market developments are commented as well as the sustainability of biofuels production and use. Particularly, the links between the technical, economical and ecological aspects are clearly expressed in this volume and are actually covered here for the first time in a single comprehensive volume. The editors are indebted to the John Wiley & Sons staff (Jenny Cossham, Zoë Mills, Richard Davies) for their invaluable supportive help along the editorial process, and to the secretarial input of Dominique Delmeire (Ghent University) who kept us abreast of the ‘labour’ efforts of all the contributors. Without all of them, this volume would not have been born and grown into an active youngster, a real player in and on the biofuels-field. Wim Soetaert Erick J. Vandamme Ghent, January 2008
xii Preface Note on conversion factors The following conversion factors can be used: 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare 1 US bushel of corn = 35.2 litres = 25.4 kg 1 US gallon = 3.78541 litre.
Page 2 and 3: Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5: Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
Page 10 and 11: Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 14 and 15: Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17: 1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19: Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 22 and 23: Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
Page 24 and 25: 2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27: Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59: Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 60 and 61: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
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138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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