Biofuels in Perspective

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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide P. Weiland Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Institut für Technologie und Biosystemtechnik, Braunschweig, Germany W. Verstraete Faculty of Bioscience-engineering, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium A. Van Haandel Federal University of Paraíba, Department of Civil Engineering, Campina Grande, Brazil 10.1 Overview Microbial conversion of energy crops and organic wastes has become one of the most attractive processes for energy production and waste treatment with resource recovery. It creates a wide range of positive environmental impacts because it reduces emission of greenhouse gases, improves the management of manure and organic wastes and reduces the demand for mineral fertilizers. Presently biogas is mainly used for electric power and Biofuels. Edited by Wim Soetaert, Erick J. Vandamme. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02674-8
172 Biofuels heat production, but it can also be applied as an automotive fuel or for the production of hydrogen, which can be used in fuel cells. Biogas production in the agricultural sector is a very fast growing market, especially in many European countries. This chapter presents some aspects of the current situation in Germany and Brazil. The first has the highest number of agricultural biogas plants in Europe. The second has a large potential of biogas production from the residues of the bioalcohol programme that is being applied in that country. 10.2 Introduction Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes and by-products from agriculture and the food industry is a process known for many years and is widely used for waste stabilization, pollution control, improvement of manure quality and biogas production. Anaerobic digestion is a process that exhibits many advantages: It can convert a disposal problem into a profit centre, it allows agricultural crops to be converted into a valuable fuel and it can reduce mineral fertilization demand by nutrient recovery. Therefore, anaerobic digestion has become a key method for both waste treatment and the production of renewable fuels. During recent years, governments of many European countries as well as in other regions have increased their interest in anaerobic digestion based biogas production because it is an environmentally friendly energy source with large potential for reducing green house gas emissions. Therefore, several acts on granting priority to renewable energy sources have come into force and different governmental programs have given incentives in order to promote the development of anaerobic digestion biogas plants. In the following, applications of biomass digestion for biogas production in the agricultural sector will be shown and discussed for the conditions in Germany and Brazil. In Europe, Germany is the leading country in this field with the highest number of installed biogas plants. In Germany, biogas is produced mainly from manure, organic waste from household, the food- and agro-industry and especially cultivated energy crops. Considerable attention will be given to Brazil. Indeed, this country has already long-term and large scale experience with the use of renewable fuel (bio-ethanol). The case of a close integration of biogas and bio-ethanol production is therefore of particular significance. Figure 10.1 shows that the biogas yield of different substrates is strongly dependent on the type of the biomass. The fermentation of manure alone results in relatively low biogas yields. Co-digestion of manure with other wastes has a positive effect on process stability due to its high buffering capacity and its high content of trace elements. In order to increase the gas yield most of the biogas plants are operated today by co-fermentation of manure together with non-agricultural organic wastes, harvesting residues and energy crops (Figure 10.2). Nevertheless, the treatment of organic wastes in agricultural co-fermentation plants is declining, because the regulations concerning hygiene and nutrient recycling are more stringent and the legal conditions are much more complicated as well (Weiland, 2004). Considerably higher investment and operating costs are the result, which decrease the economic benefits. The latter are coming from the entrance fee and the gas yield. On the other hand, a higher compensation is paid for the produced electricity according to the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) if only substrates from agriculture are used for
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Page 145 and 146: 130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148: 132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150: 134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152: 136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154: 138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156: 140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158: 142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160: 144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164: 148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166: 150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169: 9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171: Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 174 and 175: 9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177: Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 182 and 183: CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185: References Production of Biodiesel
Page 188 and 189: Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191: Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 196 and 197: Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 200 and 201: Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
Page 202 and 203: Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 204 and 205: Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
Page 210: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 213 and 214: 198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216: 200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218: Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220: 204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222: 206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224: 208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226: 210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228: 212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230: 214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232: 216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234: 218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236: 220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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