Biofuels in Perspective

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Sustainable Production of Cellulosic Feedstock 31 Table 2.7 Biomass refining Consortium for Applied Fundamentals and Innovation (CAFI) collaborative pretreatment investigators Institution Process Auburn University (Y.Y. Lee) Ammonia Recycle Percolation (ARP) University of British Columbia (Jack Saddler) SO2 steam explosion University of California, Riverside (Charles Wyman) Dilute acid treatment Michigan State University (Bruce Dale) Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) Purdue University (Michael Ladisch, Nathan Mosier) Hot water, controlled pH Texas A&M University (Mark Holtzapple) Lime treatment National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (Rick Elander, Tim Eggeman) Feed stock supply and characterization/ economic analysis The comparison shows there is no clear choice based on operating cost. The cost range is plus or minus $0.15 per gallon, within 10 % of the average cost of $1.55 per gallon. The design is largely conceptual with considerable uncertainty in process performance. The sugar platform is based on enzyme hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose, followed by the fermentation of the glucose to fuels and chemicals. 34 Looking beyond the pretreatment system, there are gaps that influence the selection of ‘best’ pretreatment to fit the local situation. These include the following: � feedstock supply risk � feedstock logistics � farmers’ participation in cellulosic feedstock value chain � co-products and added value. MESP Cash Costs and MESP $/gal EtOH Proof Year: 4th Year of Operation 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 Cash Cost Plant Level 0.00 Dilute Acid Hot Water AFEX ARP Lime Corn Dry Mill Net Stover Other Variable Fixed w/o Depreciation Depreciation Income Tax Return on Capital Figure 2.13 Cash cost and minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) per gallon for various pretreatment technologies. Source: Biomass Refining Consortium for Applied Fundamentals and Innovation (CAFI).
32 Biofuels 2.12 Farmer in Value Chain Farmer-owned dry mill ethanol plants are a shining example of how farmers can prosper from down stream ‘value added’ processing. In the areas surrounding these plants the farmers have enjoyed a stronger market for their corn since the plants began operation. In addition, operating margins from their plants have increased due to higher gasoline pricing. The farmer-investors and others in the community are benefiting from the increased dividends and higher value of their investment. The local economy has also benefited from the jump in local expenditures to improve and expand plant operations. Can processing cellulosic feedstocks produce similar benefits to the farmer and local communities? If not, will expectations for renewable biomass feedstocks be realized? Most cellulosic business models envision a large cellulosic biorefinery processing 700–2000 dry tons per day of feedstock supplied from fields of local farmers. The biorefinery plant investment is estimated to be $200 million to $400 million. How many farmers are going to be able to own one of these cellulosic plants to convert the bulky material to ethanol? Conversely, can the plant insure a reliable and economic feedstock supply over the life of the plant without farmers participating in the value added to the supply chain? However, if the farmers collect and convert the biomass to liquids using ammonia explosion, hot water, dilute acid and a base resulting in fermentation sugars, soluble lignin and other liquids (lime treatment), the equity required is estimated to be $15 million or less, well within the range for farmer ownership. 50 Preprocessing in the field can take on several operations. First, biomass is collected and stored in large, wet piles similar to sugar cane bagasse during the harvest. 51–54 Adjacent to the biomass storage, a modular pre processing system is easiest to envision. Modules can be added to expand the quantity and degree of biomass processed. 2.13 The Start: Preprocessing Pentose Sugars and Lignin Initially, the liquid volume could simply be limited to pentose sugars and lignin. Easiest is removing the hemicellulose with acid-enzyme hydrolysis, producing a 30 % dry substance pentose sugar stream that can be fed directly to fermentors in the biorefinery down the road or at the other end of the pipe. Next is making the lignin soluble. The soluble lignin is transported, precipitated, filtered and used as a process energy source by the biorefinery, replacing fossil fuels or the more bulky crop residues. Hydrolysis of the remaining cellulose to a glucose solution can be readily accomplished at the collection center by adding enzymes or activating enzymes incorporated in the plant. Depending on the enzyme hydrolysis economics, transpiration of the cellulosic solids – less than 2/3 the original feedstock solids – may be a viable option. 2.14 Continuing Downstream: Fungible Fermentation Sugars As the demand for biomass feedstock market grows and farmers collect more biomass, additional modules can be added to expand capacity and processing. Continuing to move
Page 2 and 3: Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5: Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
Page 10 and 11: Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 12 and 13: Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
Page 14 and 15: Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17: 1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19: Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 22 and 23: Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
Page 24 and 25: 2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27: Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59: Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 66 and 67: Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
Page 70 and 71: 4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
Page 72 and 73: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 74 and 75: Share of energy consumption 100% 90
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.2 Main technological improv
Page 84 and 85: 4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
Page 90: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 93 and 94: 78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
Page 95 and 96: 80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
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138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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