Biofuels in Perspective

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazil 57 by new distilleries annexed to the existing sugar mills, while in the 1979–85 period many autonomous distilleries were built. It is estimated that from 1975 to about 1985 about US$ 11–12 billion were invested to create a structure able to produce 16 billion liters of ethanol per year. On the other hand, savings regarding avoided oil imports were estimated as US$ 52.1 billion (January 2003 US$) from 1975 to 2002. 4 Brazilian government reduced the support to the producers after 1985 and, as consequence, the ethanol market faced difficulties during the 1990s. The crucial moment was an ethanol supply shortage in 1989–90 that induced a strong drop in sales of neat ethanol cars. For instance, sales of neat ethanol vehicles that have reached 92–96 % during the Eighties were continuously reduced until summing up just about 1000 new vehicles per year in 1997–98. 5 The PROALCOOL finished during the 1990s as long as government support ceased. From the institutional point of view changes started in the early 1990s, first with liberalization of fuel prices to consumers and secondly, in the late 1990s, with full deregulation of sugarcane industry. The positive results started to be noticed in 2001, when due to a larger price difference between ethanol and gasoline, sales of neat ethanol cars increased. More recently, since the launch of FFVs (March 2003) there is a boom on sales of vehicles able to run powered by ethanol. In mid-2007, the sales of FFVs have surpassed 85 % of the total sales of new automobiles (cars and light vehicles). Currently all car manufacturers based in Brazil have at least one FFV model available and some manufacturers have decided that some models are exclusively FFV. Regarding neat ethanol vehicles, the main advantage of the FFVs is that these engines can operate with any fuel mix between regular gasoline (in Brazil, E20-E25, i.e. 20–25 % of anhydrous ethanol in the fuel blend) and pure hydrated ethanol (E100). The ethanol market in Brazil has started a new momentum due to the success of FFVs. Close to the ethanol production regions, and during most of the year, the price of hydrated ethanol at service stations is much lower than the price of gasoline C (the blend of pure gasoline and anhydrous ethanol). Figure 4.1 shows the price ratio between gasoline C and hydrated ethanol in the city of São Paulo, from February 1999 (beginning of full deregulation at the fuel’s market) to December 2006. For FFVs the breakeven ratio varies depending on the car model and on the traffic conditions but, in general, it is economic to run with hydrated ethanol if its price is lower than 70 % of the price of gasoline C (volume basis). Figure 4.2 shows the evolution of ethanol production in Brazil from 1970 to 2006. Figure 4.3 shows the share of the energy consumption (cars and light vehicles) covered by different fuels in the period 1970–2005. In Brazil cars and light vehicles cannot use diesel oil. Natural gas consumption by automobiles has been deployed since late 1990s, especially in cabs and companies’ vehicles, as a way to accelerate the return on investments in the Bolivia–Brazil pipeline. Due to constraints on natural gas supply, this market will not grow in the years to come. In mid 1980s ethanol covered more than 50 % of the energy consumption of automobiles in Brazil and currently covers slightly more than 30 % of the fuel consumption. The technology of FFVs and the relative low price of ethanol vis-à-vis gasoline are the reasons why it is predicted that the domestic market shall reach 28–30 Gl by 2013 and possibly 45–50 Gl by 2030. 9,10 As of 2006 Brazil had 335 industrial units producing
58 Biofuels Price ratio (Hydrated ethanol/Gasoline C) 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 jul/98 dez/99 abr/01 set/02 jan/04 mai/05 out/06 fev/08 Figure 4.1 Price ratio between hydrated ethanol and gasoline C in the city of São Paulo. Source: [6,7]. ethanol and about 80–90 under construction. By the end of 2006 the installed capacity of production was 18 Gl of ethanol. Total sugarcane production in 2006 was 425 million tonnes (roughly 50 % used for sugar production and 50 % used for ethanol production) and shall reach 730 million tonnes by 2013. According to the forecasts, sugarcane production shall surpass 1000 million tonnes between 2020 and 2025. Ethanol production [Gl] 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Hydrated Anhydrous 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Figure 4.2 Evolution of ethanol production in Brazil from 1970 to 2006. Source: [8]. Notes: 1975 – beginning of the Ethanol Program; 1979 – beginning of hydrated ethanol use as fuel; 1985 – reduction of the support of Federal Government to producers; 1990 – shortage on ethanol supply; 1999 – deregulation of sugarcane industry; 2003 – first FFV in the market.
Page 2 and 3:
Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5:
Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 8 and 9:
Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
Page 10 and 11:
Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 12 and 13:
Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
Page 14 and 15:
Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17:
1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19:
Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21:
Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 22 and 23: Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
Page 24 and 25: 2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27: Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59: Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 66 and 67: Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
Page 70 and 71: 4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
Page 74 and 75: Share of energy consumption 100% 90
Page 76 and 77: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.2 Main technological improv
Page 84 and 85: 4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
Page 90: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 93 and 94: 78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
Page 95 and 96: 80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
Page 97 and 98: 82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
Page 99 and 100: 84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
Page 101 and 102: 86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
Page 103 and 104: 88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
Page 105 and 106: 90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
Page 107 and 108: 92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
Page 110 and 111: 6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Page 112 and 113: 6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
Page 114 and 115: Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 122 and 123:
Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
Page 134 and 135:
Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
Page 136 and 137:
Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
Page 138 and 139:
Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142:
Page 145 and 146:
130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148:
132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150:
134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152:
136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154:
138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156:
140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158:
142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160:
144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162:
ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164:
148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166:
150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169:
9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171:
Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177:
Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185:
References Production of Biodiesel
Page 186 and 187:
10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
Page 188 and 189:
Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191:
Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193:
Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
Page 202 and 203:
Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 204 and 205:
Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210:
Page 213 and 214:
198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216:
200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218:
Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220:
204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222:
206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224:
208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226:
210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228:
212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230:
214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232:
216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234:
218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236:
220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239:
12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241:
Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243:
Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
Page 244 and 245:
Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
Page 246 and 247:
Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 248 and 249:
Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 250 and 251:
Index italic entries indicate refer
Page 252 and 253:
iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
Page 254 and 255:
policy (official) 59-61 production
Page 256 and 257:
NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
show all

Biofuels in Perspective

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?