Biofuels in Perspective
Biofuels in Perspective
Biofuels in Perspective
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5.8.4 Alternative Process Technologies<br />
Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production 91<br />
In order to separate the fatty acid methyl esters dur<strong>in</strong>g classical transesterification reaction<br />
from unreacted emulsified oil, membrane technology has been used produc<strong>in</strong>g high-purity<br />
fatty acid methyl esters. 40,41,42 Carbon membranes with pore sizes between 0.05 and<br />
1.4 µm were tested and efficient separation of the triglycerides from the FAME reach<br />
permeates was achieved. Permeate dephas<strong>in</strong>g occurred at room temperature, the FAMErich<br />
phase conta<strong>in</strong>ed undetectable levels of glycerol, and the polar, methanol-rich phase can<br />
be recycled to the reactor and permit the cont<strong>in</strong>uous production of biodiesel. For facilitat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the wash<strong>in</strong>g steps of biodiesel avoid<strong>in</strong>g the formation of emulsions, hollow fibre membrane<br />
extraction was suggested.<br />
References<br />
1. M. Mittelbach, M. Wörgetter, J. Pernkopf, H. Junek (1983) Diesel fuel derived from vegetable<br />
oils: preparation and use of rape oil methyl ester, Energy <strong>in</strong> Agriculture 2: 369–84.<br />
2. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the<br />
Promotion of the Use of <strong>Biofuels</strong> or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport. http://europa.eu.<strong>in</strong>t/<br />
eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l 123/l 12320030517en00420046.pdf<br />
3. Homepage of the European Biodiesel Board: http://www.ebb-eu.org/stats.php<br />
4. Homepage of National Biodiesel Board: http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf files/fuelfactsheets/<br />
Production Capacity.pdf<br />
5. M. Mittelbach and C. Remschmidt (2006) Biodiesel, the Comprehensive Handbook, ed.:<br />
M. Mittelbach, Graz. ISBN: 3-200-00249-2.<br />
6. P. Duffy (1852) On the Constitution of Stear<strong>in</strong>e. Journal of the Chemical Society 5: 303–7.<br />
7. G.B. Bradshaw (1941) Preparation of Detergents. US Patent 2 360 844.<br />
8. M. Mittelbach and B. Trathnigg (1990) K<strong>in</strong>etics of alkal<strong>in</strong>e catalysed methanolysis of sunflower<br />
oil. Fat Science and Technology 92: 145–8.<br />
9. B. Freedman, W.F. Kwolek and E.H. Pryde (1986) Quantitation <strong>in</strong> the analysis of transesterified<br />
soybean oil by capillary gas chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society<br />
63(10): 1370–5.<br />
10. M.W. Formo (1954) Ester reactions of fatty materials, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’<br />
Society 31(11): 548–59.<br />
11. H. Lepper and L. Friesenhagen (1984) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Fettsäureestern kurzkettiger<br />
aliphatischer Alkohole aus freie Fettsäuren enthaltenden Fetten und/oder Ölen.European<br />
Patent EP 0 127 104 A1.<br />
12. M. Mittelbach, A. Silberholz and M. Koncar (1996) Novel aspects concern<strong>in</strong>g acid catalyzed alcoholysis<br />
of triglycerides, Oils-Fats-Lipids. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the 21st World Congress of the<br />
International Society for Fat Research (ISF). The Hague. October 1–6, 1995. Volume 3,<br />
497–9.<br />
13. G. Vicente, M. Martínez and J. Aracil (2004) Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of<br />
different homogenous catalysts systems, Bioresource Technol. 92: 297–305.<br />
14. S. Peter and E. Weidner (2007) Methanolysis of triacylglycerols by organic basic catalysts, Eur.<br />
J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109: 11–16.<br />
15. T. Kocsisova, J. Cvengros and J. Lutisan (2005) High-temperature esterification of fatty acids<br />
with methanol at ambient pressure, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 107: 87–92.
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