Biofuels in Perspective

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policy (official) 59–61 production 57–9, 58 anaerobic digestion 180, 181 bagasse/vinasse utilization 178–80 costs 61–2, 62 energy efficiency 182 future aspects 73–4 market share 57–9 replication 72–3 coordination 72 program planning 73 subsidies 73 state regulation 59–61 and automobile industry 60, 60 fuel blend composition 60–1, 60 and taxation 61 sugarcane area 59, 67 research 63–4, 69 sustainability 65–72, 74 and biodiversity 68, 71 and fertilizers/pesticides 69 and food production 67–8 greenhouse gas emissions 66–7, 71 and living conditions 66, 69–71, 70 and local economy 69–71 technological development 62–5, 65 ethanol (USA) federal policy 40–1, 49, 52, 53 Clean Air Act 40 Energy Policy Act (EPACT) 41, 42 vehicle capacity 45–6 industrial development 39–53 market 41–6 production 41, 42, 47, 105 advanced fractionation processing 48, 48 via biomass gasification 51–2 biorefinery locations 43, 43, 44 from cellulose materials 49–52 corn dry mills 47–8 corn-ethanol technology 46–9 corn wet mills 47, 48 early years 39–40 environmental concerns 52 enzyme technology 49 future prospects 52–3 investment 52 and transportation 44, 52 ethanolysis 132, 133 Index 239 fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) 80 fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) 79, 80, 154 fatty acids 90, 157 and methanolysis 139–41, 140, 141 oxidation 157 removal 160 feedstock see biomass feedstock fermentation 105, 199–204 biogas production 172–4, 188 of carbohydrates 199, 200 by Thermoanaerobacter 210 see also hydrogen, production ferredoxin 211, 212–13 fertilizers 66 emissions 231 nitrogen 28 run-off 52 vinasse 69 Finland 109 firewood 4 Fischer—Tropsch (FT) method 95–113 chemistry catalysts 97 feed gas specifications 98–9, 98 principle 96 product distribution 97–8, 98 synthesis 96 economics 110–13 biodiesel production costs 111, 111 biomass harvesting 110 biomass price 112–13 capital investment 110–11, 111 plant size 112, 112 pretreatment 110 transport 110, 112 historical aspects 96 syngas 96, 99–109, 110 ‘flexible fuel’ vehicles (FFVs) 46, 57, 72 food production 66, 68 food v. fuel conflict 66, 67–8, 154, 168 Ford, Henry 7, 39 Fossil Energy Replacement Ratio (FER) 6 fossil energy resources 1 fuels, costs 2–4, 3 genetically enhanced microorganisms (GEMs) 10 Germany 172, 189, 191 biogas production 174–6, 175
240 Index glucose fermentation 199, 200 oxidation 199–200, 200 glycerol 82, 84–5, 87, 89, 147, 160 greenhouse gases (GHGs) 6, 48, 71, 153 comparisons 223–4 and crop production 226–8, 227 emissions 66–7, 67, 121 and ethanol production 48, 49–50 mitigation 27–9, 27 and nitrogen oxides 28, 228 and no-till cropping 28–9, 228 hydrogen advantages 198 natural formation 198–9 partial pressure 199, 203 production 197–215 Caldicellulosiruptor spp. 208–10 Clostridium spp. 207–8 enterobacteria (role) 206–7 enzyme catalysis 204–6 formate (role) 206–7 hydrogen/glucose ratio 215 improvement 213–14 acetate conversion 214 energy input 214 pentose phosphate (PP) pathway 213–14 microorganisms 201-2 NADH (role) 200–4, 207 and hydrogenase 204–6 proton reduction 200–3 reversed electron transport 203–4 Pyrococcus 212–13 substrates 199, 214 Thermoanaerobacter spp. 210–11 Thermococcus spp. 212–13 thermodynamics 199–204 Gibbs free energy 199–200, 200, 203 thermophiles 210–13, 214–15 Thermotoga spp. 211–12 see also fermentation hydrogen sulfide removal 190, 191 hydrogenases 204–6, 205, 210, 215 Fe-only 204 [NiFe] hydrogenases 204 India 2, 79, 155 Indonesia 79, 120, 155 Iraq 120 Jatropha curcas 79 Kenya 155 Kyoto Protocol 121 lignin/lignocellulose 30, 32, 49, 50 lipase 85–6 extracellular 131–6, 137 intracellular 136–43, 137 localization 141–3 production cost 147 from Rhizopus oryzae 134, 135 transesterification reactions 130–1, 131, 132 lipids see waste lipids livestock, CO2 emissions 231 living conditions 66, 69–71, 70 maize see corn Malaysia 79, 120 manure 44, 187 methane 174, 176, 186–7, 191 formation 198 see also biogas methanogens 198–9 methanolysis 81, 81, 87, 131, 131, 133 cell-surface display 143–7 yeast cells 144–7, 146 displaying ProROL 144–7, 145 flocculation profile 144–5, 146 with extracellular lipase 133–6, 133, 137 acyl migration 134–6, 135 from Rhizopus oryzae 134–6, 135 with intracellular lipase 136–43, 137 biomass support particles (BSPs) 136, 137 fatty acid stabilization 139–41, 140, 141 glutaraldehyde stabilization 138, 138 immobilization 136–9 lipase localization 141–3, 142, 143 lipase precursor 141–2, 142 in packed-bed reactor 138–9, 139 from Rhizopus oryzae 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143 see also esterification/transesterification methyl ester (ME) synthesis see methanolysis methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 40–1 microorganisms 10, 197–215 convert biomass feedstock 171 see also anaerobic digestion Midwest (US) 43 Miscanthus 16, 18
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
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138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Page 213 and 214: 198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216: 200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218: Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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Page 221 and 222: 206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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Page 225 and 226: 210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228: 212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230: 214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232: 216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234: 218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236: 220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239: 12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241: Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243: Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
Page 244 and 245: Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
Page 246 and 247: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 248 and 249: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 250 and 251: Index italic entries indicate refer
Page 252 and 253: iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
Page 256 and 257: NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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