Biofuels in Perspective

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(a) Cultivation Separation Purification Immobilization Methanolysis (b) Cultivation & Immobilization with BSPs extraction adsorption chromatography crystallization cross-linking covalent bonding entrapment Separation Methanolysis Figure 8.5 Comparison of lipase production processes for methanolysis using (a) extracellular and (b) intracellular lipases. (From Ref. 19, with permission of The Society for Biotechnology, Japan.) (b) 1 mm (a) Figure 8.6 Micrographs showing (a) empty, (b) surface and (c) cross-section of 6-mm cubic biomass support particle (voidage >97 %; pore size: 50 pores per linear inch). Medium: polypeptone 70 g/l; NaNO3 1.0 g/l; KH2PO4 1.0 g/l; MgSO4 · 7H2O 0.5 g/l; olive oil 30g/l. Culture conditions: medium volume, 100 ml; temperature, 35 ◦ C; cultivation time, 80–90 h; shaking, 150 oscillations/min. (c)
138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reaction time (h) Figure 8.7 Time course of methyl ester content in repeated methanolysis reaction using BSP-immobilized cells with and without glutaraldehyde treatment (0.1 % solution × 1hat25 ◦ C). The procedure for immobilization within the BSPs was the same as described in Figure 8.6. Methanolysis was carried out for 6 batch cycles in the presence of 15 % water in the reaction mixture. Symbols: closed circle: treated cells; open circle: untreated cells. (From Ref. 48, with permission of Elsevier.) To stabilize the R. oryzae cells, cross-linking treatment with 0.1 % glutaraldehyde solution was examined. 48 As shown in Figure 8.7, the lipase activity of the cells thus obtained was maintained without significant decrease during six batch cycles, with the ME content in each cycle reaching 70–83 % within 72 h. Without the glutaraldehyde treatment, the activity decreased gradually with each cycle to give an ME content of only 50 % in the six batch. These findings indicate that the use of whole-cell biocatalyst immobilized within BSPs (47, 48) offers a promising means of biodiesel fuel production for industrial application because of the simplicity of the lipase production process as well as the stability of lipase activity over a long period. 8.4.2 Methanolysis in a Packed-bed Reactor using Cells Immobilized within BSPs To achieve a higher ME content in the reaction mixture using cells immobilized within BSPs, Hama et al. 49 demonstrated effective methanolysis using a packed-bed reactor system shown in Figure 8.8. To increase the interfacial area between the reaction mixture and the cells immobilized within BSPs, the reaction mixture was emulsified by ultrasonication prior to reaction in each cycle. Figure 8.9 shows the time course of ME content during ten repeated-batch cycles of methanolysis in the packed-bed reactor. When stepwise addition of methanol (four molar equivalents to oils) was conducted, a high ME content of over 90 % was achieved in the first cycle of repeated-batch methanolysis at a flow rate of 25 l/h and a high value of around 80 % was maintained even after ten batch reaction cycles. However, although a comparatively high ME content was obtained in the first cycle, the ME content decreased significantly during repeated methanolysis when using a screwcap bottle under vigorous shaking. This is probably explained by cell exfoliation, as the
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
Page 101 and 102: 86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
Page 103 and 104: 88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
Page 105 and 106: 90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
Page 107 and 108: 92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
Page 110 and 111: 6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Page 112 and 113: 6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
Page 114 and 115: Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 132 and 133: 7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
Page 134 and 135: Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
Page 136 and 137: Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
Page 138 and 139: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 140 and 141: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 142: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 145 and 146: 130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148: 132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150: 134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151: 136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 155 and 156: 140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158: 142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160: 144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164: 148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166: 150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169: 9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171: Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 174 and 175: 9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177: Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 182 and 183: CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185: References Production of Biodiesel
Page 186 and 187: 10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
Page 188 and 189: Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191: Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 196 and 197: Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 200 and 201: Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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