Biofuels in Perspective

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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) DOSING UNIT DOSING SCREW MIXER/ FEEDING PUMP Residue Ton/year DRANCO- FARM DIGESTER 1.200 m 3 EXTRACTION SCREWS Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture 189 Biogas 3 Residue 4 1 2 3 GAS STORAGE ENGINE/ GENERATOR Heatexchanger Steam 12.500 250 3.400 9.350 Electricity (500 kW) Heat (565 kW) STORAGE To field Figure 10.16 A continuous dry fermentation process for feedstocks containing more than 25 % of dry matter. (Courtesy OWS, Belgium.) rates. Thermophilic digestion also yields higher degrees of degradation, resulting in an increase of 5 to 10 % of biogas production per ton. 10.4.4 Biogas Utilization Biogas is an energy resource that can be used for many applications if the gas quality is adapted to the specific requirements (Figure 10.17). Today biogas is used in all German biogas plants in combined heat and power units (CHP) using dual-fuel injection engines or gas engines after desulphurization and removal of water. The electricity is fed into the public grid and the thermal energy is mainly used for the process and heating purposes in the house and farm but relatively seldom for decentralized public grid heating or drying processes. The efficiency of electricity generation ranges from 30 to 37 % without significant differences between the different combustion systems of the engines (Weiland and Rieger, 2005). For the utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel and for the feeding of biogas into the public grid or for the utilization in fuel cells much higher quality requirements have to be fulfilled, The main parameters that may require removal in upgrading systems are CO2, H2S, NH3, water and solid particles. The utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel and the feeding of bio-methane into the public gas grid have been applied in Sweden and Switzerland for several years and recently also in Germany. A number of technologies are available for biogas upgrading. Carbon dioxide is mainly removed by water scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and polyethylene glycol 4
190 Biofuels Biogas Desulfurization Desulfurization Gas upgrading Compressing Gas upgrading Gas upgrading Boosting Reforming Boiler CHP Gas storage Odorization Fuel cell Heat Power Heat Figure 10.17 Alternatives for biogas utilization. Fuel Grid Power scrubbing (Wellinger, 1998; Weiland, 2003). H2S can be removed internal to the digestion process by biological desulphurization performed by microorganisms of the family Thiobacillus or by iron chloride dosing to the digester (Schneider, 2002). Using waterscrubbing systems, H2S can be removed simultaneously with CO2, whereas for PSA systems adsorption columns with activated carbon are usually employed for H2S removal. If non-agricultural wastes are employed for biogas production, higher hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and organic silicon compounds can also be present in biogas. They can be removed by adsorption with molecular sieves or absorption in a liquid medium. Raw biogas 10 bar Absorption column Dryer 2–4 bar Wastewater Flash-tank Biomethane (upgraded biogas) Stripping column Figure 10.18 Pressure water scrubbing with regeneration of applied water. Biofilter Air Water CO 2/Air Heat
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154: 138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156: 140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158: 142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160: 144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164: 148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166: 150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169: 9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171: Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 174 and 175: 9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177: Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 182 and 183: CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185: References Production of Biodiesel
Page 186 and 187: 10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
Page 188 and 189: Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191: Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 196 and 197: Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 200 and 201: Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
Page 202 and 203: Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 210: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 213 and 214: 198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216: 200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218: Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220: 204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222: 206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224: 208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226: 210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228: 212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230: 214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232: 216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234: 218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236: 220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239: 12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241: Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243: Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
Page 244 and 245: Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
Page 246 and 247: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 248 and 249: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 250 and 251: Index italic entries indicate refer
Page 252 and 253: iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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