Biofuels in Perspective

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates of no-till cropping for winter wheat, spring wheat, rice and corn. Source: Biotechnology Industry Organization; Conservation Technology Information Center.
24 Biofuels Figure 2.10 Historic US adoption rates of no-till cropping for wheat, rice and corn. Source: Biotechnology Industry Organization; Conservation Technology Information Center. to a processor. But for the most part this knowledge remains with the farmers, as no outside agencies were involved. Collection of feedstock on the proposed scale for biorefineries – as much as 30 times larger than those studied – will require a large, capable organization with considerable logistical expertise. Sustainable collection case study: Imperial Young Farmers and Ranchers Project With no current market for cellulosic biomass, identifying and overcoming potential obstacles to sustainable collection and delivery is a considerable challenge. But the Young Farmers and Ranchers of Imperial, Neb., have embarked on a study to do just that. With $3 million in funding from USDA and other sources, the Young Farmers are actively experimenting with innovative collection, pre-processing, storage and transport technologies for corn stover to identify logistical challenges and to determine the value of sustainable removal of excess feedstock to farmers and potential processors across the supply chain (see Figure 2.11). A preliminary study estimated counties within a 50-mile radius of Imperial, Neb. can comply with USDA erosion control guidelines for surface cover requirements and also supply 3.6 million dry tons per year of stover with the adoption of no-till farming practices. Rail service expanded the area supply to 6 million dry tons per year with a $17-per-dry-ton margin to the farmer. A regional supply organization, in which producers pool their harvests to provide a cohesive feedstock supply, is one way to address the high input demands of future biorefineries. For example, to supply 1.5 million dry tons requires over 500,000 acres, assuming 3 dry tons per acre excess is collected. The number of growers to reach out to for collection quickly becomes a significant and costly challenge. The first 50,000-dry-ton effort to collect corn stover near Harlan, Iowa required 400 farms and more than 30 custom harvesters to collect 30,000 acres. 16
Page 2 and 3: Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5: Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
Page 10 and 11: Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 12 and 13: Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
Page 14 and 15: Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17: 1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19: Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 22 and 23: Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
Page 24 and 25: 2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27: Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59: Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 66 and 67: Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
Page 70 and 71: 4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
Page 72 and 73: Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 74 and 75: Share of energy consumption 100% 90
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.2 Main technological improv
Page 84 and 85: 4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
Page 88 and 89:
Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 90:
Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 93 and 94:
78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
Page 95 and 96:
80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
Page 97 and 98:
82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
Page 99 and 100:
84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
Page 101 and 102:
86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
Page 103 and 104:
88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
Page 105 and 106:
90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
Page 107 and 108:
92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
Page 110 and 111:
6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Page 112 and 113:
6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
Page 114 and 115:
Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
Page 134 and 135:
Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
Page 136 and 137:
Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
Page 138 and 139:
Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142:
Page 145 and 146:
130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148:
132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150:
134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152:
136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154:
138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156:
140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158:
142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160:
144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162:
ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164:
148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166:
150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169:
9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171:
Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177:
Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185:
References Production of Biodiesel
Page 186 and 187:
10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
Page 188 and 189:
Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191:
Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193:
Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
Page 202 and 203:
Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 204 and 205:
Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210:
Page 213 and 214:
198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216:
200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218:
Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220:
204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222:
206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224:
208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226:
210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228:
212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230:
214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232:
216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234:
218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236:
220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239:
12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241:
Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243:
Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
Page 244 and 245:
Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
Page 246 and 247:
Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 248 and 249:
Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 250 and 251:
Index italic entries indicate refer
Page 252 and 253:
iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
Page 254 and 255:
policy (official) 59-61 production
Page 256 and 257:
NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
show all

Biofuels in Perspective

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?