Biofuels in Perspective

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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies 115 19. A. van der Drift, C.M. van der Meijden and H. Boerrigter, MILENA gasification technology for high efficient SNG production from biomass, in 14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, 2005. 20. EREC (European Renewable Energy Council): Renewable energy scenario to 2040, 16, 2004. 21. L. Waldheim, Status of Chrisgas project; production of hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 22. E. Kurkela, Novel ultra-clean concepts of biomass gasification for liquid fuels, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 23. M. Claussen and S. Vodegel, The CUTEC concept to produce BtL-fuels for advanced power trains, in International Freiberg Conference on IGCC and XtL technologies, Freiberg, Germany, 2005. 24. A.G. Collot, Matching gasifiers to coals, ISBN 92-9029-380-2, IEA Clean Coal Centre, 63, 2002. 25. A. van der Drift, H. Boerrigter, B. Coda, M.K. Cieplik and K. Hemmes, Entrained flow gasification of biomass; ash behaviour, feeding issues, and system analyses, C–04-039, ECN, Petten, the Netherlands, 2004. 26. M. Schingnitz, Möglichkeiten zur Vergasung von Biomasse im Flugstrom, in: Foerdergemeinschaft Oekologische Stoffverwertung e.V., Halle, Germany, 47–57, 2003. 27. B. Sander, G. Daradimos and H. Hirschfelder, Operating results of the BGL gasifier at the Schwarze Pumpe, in Gasification Technologies, San Francisco, USA, 2003. 28. M. Kanaar and C. Wolters, Fuel flexibility NUON Power Buggenum, in Gasification, a versatile solution, Brighton, UK, 2004. 29. F. Kamka, A. Jochmann and L. Picard, Development status of BGL gasification, in International Freiberg Conference on IGCC and XtL technologies, Freiberg, Germany, 2005. 30. R. Bain, Overview of US biomass gasification projects and fuel tax exemptions, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 31. A. van der Drift and H. Boerrigter, Synthesis gas from biomass for fuels and chemicals, C–06- 001, ECN, Petten, the Netherlands, 2006. 32. P.C.A. Bergman, A.R. Boersma, R.W.R. Zwart and J.H.A. Kiel, Torrefaction for biomass cofiring in existing coal-fired power stations (BIOCOAL), C–05-013, ECN, Petten, the Netherlands, 1–72, 2005. 33. P.C.A. Bergman, A.R. Boersma, J.H.A. Kiel, M.J. Prins, K.J. Ptasinski and F.J.J.G. Janssen, Torrefaction for entrained flow gasification of biomass, C–05-067, ECN, Petten, the Netherlands, 1–51, 2005. 34. P.C.A. Bergman, Combined torrefaction and pelletisation – the TOP process, C–05-073, ECN, Petten, the Netherlands, 1–29, 2005. 35. A.V. Bridgwater, Fast pyrolysis of biomass: a handbook – Volume 2, CPL press, Newbury, UK, 2002. 36. E. Henrich, Clean syngas from biomass by pressurised entrained flow gasification of slurries from fast pyrolysis, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 37. E. Henrich and K. Raffelt, Two-stage rapid pyrolysis-entrained bed gasification of coal and solid wastes to synthesis gas, Patent EP1586621, 1–9, 2005. 38. E. Dinjus, E. Henrich, T. Kolb and L. Krebs, Synthesegas aus Biomasse, Verfahren des Fosrchungszentrums Kalrsruhe, in Pyrolyse- und Vergasungsverfahren in der Energietechnik Bio-Fuel-Konzepte, Freiberg, Germany, 2004. 39. M. Rudloff, Operation experiences of Carbo-V process for FTD production, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 40. E.D. Larson, Potential of biorefinery as large-scale production plant for liquid fuels in the forest and pulp industry, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005.
116 Biofuels 41. K. Sipilä, T. Mäkinen and P. McKeough, Raw material availability to synfuels production and remarks on RTD goals, results of the BioFuture project, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 42. I. Landälv, Status and potential of CHEMREC black liquor gasification, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 43. T. Ekbom, Techno-economics of biomass and black liquor gasification for automotive fuel production, in Synbios, the syngas route to automotive biofuels, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005. 44. H. Boerrigter, Economy of Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) plants, C–06-019, ECN, Petten, the Netherlands, 1–29, 2006. 45. R.W.R. Zwart, H. Boerrigter and A. van der Drift, Integrated Fischer-Tropsch diesel production systems, Energy & Fuels, 20, 2192–2197, 2006.
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Page 80 and 81: Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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Page 84 and 85: 4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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Page 93 and 94: 78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
Page 95 and 96: 80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
Page 97 and 98: 82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
Page 99 and 100: 84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
Page 101 and 102: 86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
Page 103 and 104: 88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
Page 105 and 106: 90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
Page 107 and 108: 92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
Page 110 and 111: 6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Page 112 and 113: 6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
Page 114 and 115: Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 132 and 133: 7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
Page 134 and 135: Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
Page 136 and 137: Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
Page 138 and 139: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 140 and 141: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 142: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 145 and 146: 130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148: 132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150: 134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152: 136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154: 138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156: 140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158: 142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160: 144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164: 148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166: 150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169: 9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171: Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 174 and 175: 9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177: Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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