Biofuels in Perspective

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NADH 200–6, 207, 210 natural gas 1 nitrogen oxides 28, 228 no-till cropping 19, 20, 21, 23, 27 adoption rates 22, 24 and greenhouse gas emissions 28–9, 228 transitioning to 21–2 oilseeds 2 oxidoreductases 205, 208 palm oil 79, 154, 168 paper industry 108–9 pesticides 66 PETROBRAS 60 petrochemicals 4 petroleum 1–2, 3 Philippines 79 plant oil biofuels 117–27 advantages 121 for developing countries 122 blends v. standalone 119 conversion technology 124–5 engine suitability 126–7 one tank system 125 selection 127 two tank system 125 cost savings 121–2 emission benefits 121, 121 engine maintenance 127 historical aspects 118, 119 market nature of 119–20 penetration 125–7 political aspects 120–1 share of 118–19 principles 118–19 production 123–4 seed choice 123 storage and transportation 124 system requirements 122–4, 123 user profile 125–6 polar content 158 polymer production 10 poplar 16 pre-esterification 90 pretreatment of biomass feedstock 29–31, 106–8, 106 of cellulosic materials 29–31, 30, 31, 31, 32–3 in syngas production 106–8, 106, 110, 113 waste lipid processing 156, 159 process waste 16 ProROL proteins 144–7, 145 pulp industry 108–9 purification see contaminant removal Pyrococcus spp. 212–13 ferredoxin (role) 212–13 NADPH 213 P. furiosus 213 rapeseed oil 77–8, 79, 123, 154 Renewable Energy Act 172–4, 184–5 renewable fuels 2 residues decomposition 228 utilization 10–11, 44 rice 13 slurries 108 soap 82, 88, 89, 160, 165–6 soil erosion 18–19, 21 soybeans 68 and greenhouse gases 226–8 oil 87, 123, 154 methanolysis 134 stubble 15 sugarcane 56, 62 bagasse 64–5, 177–8, 180, 182 and biogas production 176–7, 177 burning 63–4 distilleries 177–8 electricity production 65, 66, 180–2 ethanol production (Brazil) 56, 58 area 59, 67, 68 and greenhouse gas emissions 67, 71 harvesting 63–4 macronutrients 180, 180 production and employment 70, 71 improvements in 62–5, 65 and local economy 69–71, 70 research 63–4, 69 trash 64, 65 varieties 63, 73 vinasse 178–80 and water consumption 68 Sweden 109, 189 switchgrass 16, 17, 22, 49 Switzerland 189 Index 241
242 Index syngas 96, 99–109, 110, 113, 193 applications 100, 100 ‘gas-to-liquid’ processes 100 biomass feeding 106–9, 106 black liquor utilization 108–9 fluidized bed gasification 107–8 pneumatic feeding 107 screw feeding 107 biomass pretreatment 106–8, 106, 113 milling 107 pyrolysis 108 torrefaction 107, 110 cleaning 109 feedstock 102, 106–9 market implementation 100–2, 101 process technology 99, 100–6, 102–6 biorefinery 105 catalytic reforming 103–4 clean-up 99–100 entrained flow gasification 104–5, 113 fluidized bed gasification 103–4, 107–8, 113 implementation (large scale) 101–2, 101 optimum technology 105, 106 plant location 99, 101 plant size 100–1 polygeneration 105 temperature levels 102–3, 103, 104 transport 102, 113 see also Fischer—Tropsch (FT) method Texas 13, 44 Thermoanaerobacter spp. 210–11 fermentation end products 210 hydrogenases 210 NADH (role) 210 Thermococcus spp. 212–13 fereodoxin (role) 212–13 Thermotoga spp. 211–12, 212 ferredoxin (role) 211 glucose catabolic pathway 211 Thermotogales 211–12 tillage practice 16–17, 19–21, 228 conservational 19 conventional 19, 20,22 and feedstock availability 19–21, 21 no-till 19, 20, 21–2, 23, 24 and greenhouse gas emissions 28–9, 228 total reducing sugars (TRS) index 63 transesterification see esterification/ transesterification; methanolysis transportation 4–5, 6–7 to biorefineries 11, 33 cellulosic feedstock 24, 25–6, 33 and ethanol production 44, 52 Fischer—Tropsch diesel production 110, 112, 113 plant oil biofuels 124 and syngas production 102 triglycerides 129, 131, 158 United Kingdom 120 vinasse 69, 178 storage 178–80 waste cooking oils see waste lipids waste lipids 153–68 contamination 157, 158 dimer/polymer formation 158 esterification/transesterification 156, 159, 160, 161–8 acid catalysis 162–4 Lewis acids 163 reaction kinetics 162–3 alkali catalysis 155, 161–2 esterification as first step 164–6, 164 economics 165 final composition 166 reaction conditions 164–5 soap stock conversion 165–6 esterification as second step 166–7, 167, 168 two-step reaction 164–8, 164, 167, 168 fatty acid oxidation 157 hydrolysis 158 physical changes 157 processing into biodiesel 159–68 contaminant removal 161, 168 esterification/transesterification 156, 159, 160, 161–8 fatty acid removal 160 phosopholipid removal 159–60 pretreatment 159 water removal 159 refining 156, 156 water consumption 68 willow crop 16, 224, 231 wood chips 51
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
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138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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Page 213 and 214: 198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216: 200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218: Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220: 204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222: 206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224: 208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226: 210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228: 212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230: 214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232: 216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234: 218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236: 220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239: 12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241: Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243: Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
Page 244 and 245: Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
Page 246 and 247: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 248 and 249: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 250 and 251: Index italic entries indicate refer
Page 252 and 253: iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
Page 254 and 255: policy (official) 59-61 production
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