Biofuels in Perspective

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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture 179 Figure 10.7 Distillery with integral use of the sub-products by digesting vinasse and burning bagasse. Encircled numbers represent the energy fraction relative to the energy in sugar cane. Figure 10.8 Vinasse and bagasse digestion and burning the undigested bagasse residue. Encircled numbers represent the energy fraction relative to the energy in sugar cane.
180 Biofuels Table 10.3 Demand of macronutrients for cane production required to produce of 1 m 3 of alcohol and availability in the liquid and solid residues kg/m3 of alcohol % of the demand N P K N P K Demand for production 30 5 30 – – – In vinasse 4 3 20 13 60 67 In bagasse 16 0.4 1.2 53 8 4 Total in subproducts 20 3.4 21.2 67 68 71 significantly, thus reducing the potential for methane and power production. In principle, the vinasse should be processed shortly after it has been produced. However the duration of the sugar cane harvest is not more than about 180 days per year, so that during one semester per year there would be no vinasse digestion nor associated methane production. If year around energy is to be produced, one solution is to store part of the bagasse and use this material between harvests. A retention time of 10–12 days in the reactor is required for the conversion of 50 % of the solids into methane. Consider a continuous solid anaerobic digester, for example the DRANCO type (De Baere, 2001). Assuming that the digested bagasse has a 25 % solids, this results in a loading rate of 250/12 ≈ 20 kg DM/m 3 .d. Because the production of 1 m 3 of alcohol leads to the release of 2 t DM of biogases, the required volume is 2000/20 = 100 m 3 of solids digester per m 3 /d of alcohol. If power production is spread out over the whole year, the volume can be decreased to 50 m 3 , provided bagasse is stored: by the end of the season half of the yearly bagasse production or 0,5*4*180 = 360 t per m 3 /d of alcohol (50 % humidity) must have been accumulated. It is important to note that anaerobic bagasse digestion or elutriation have not yet been implemented in continuous reactors at pilot or full scale. Therefore, at this stage the costs of bagasse digestion cannot yet be evaluated with a high degree of precision and reliability. In Figures 10.7 and 10.8 it can be noted that the productive use of residues not only increases very significantly the output of useful energy, it also enables the recovery of a large fractions of the nutrients required for cane production. Table 10.3 shows the demand of macronutrients as well as the masses or percentages present in stillage and bagasse. Anaerobic bagasse digestion mineralizes practically all the nitrogen, so that after digestion some 67 % of the required nutrients for production are in the liquid phase and can be recovered just by recycling the effluents on the sugar cane field. Thus only about 30 % of the nutrients in a production cycle are lost and must be replenished. Table 10.4 illustrates that the conventional alcohol production in Brazil can be increased in terms of output of products from 2775 US $ per ha per year to 3775 US $ per ha per year (factor 1.36) by incorporating the anaerobic digestion of the stillage and biogases. However, direct total digestion of the sugar cane biomass and conversion to green electricity is not yet competitive to the production alcohol for motor vehicles. Nationwide the electric power production potential of vinasse digestion and bagasse combustion (1.5 MWh per m 3 of alcohol) at the current alcohol production rate of 15*10 6 m 3 /ano is 22.5 TWh/year or 2.6 GW if year around production is applied. This represents
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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Page 145 and 146: 130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148: 132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150: 134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152: 136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154: 138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156: 140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158: 142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160: 144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164: 148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166: 150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169: 9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171: Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 174 and 175: 9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177: Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 182 and 183: CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185: References Production of Biodiesel
Page 186 and 187: 10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
Page 188 and 189: Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191: Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 196 and 197: Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 200 and 201: Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
Page 202 and 203: Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 204 and 205: Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
Page 210: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 213 and 214: 198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216: 200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218: Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220: 204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222: 206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224: 208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226: 210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228: 212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230: 214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232: 216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234: 218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236: 220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239: 12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241: Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243: Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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