Biofuels in Perspective

238 Index
corn-ethanol industry (Continued )
crop production 226–8
energy balance 224–6, 225, 232
greenhouse gas emissions 226–8, 227,
232–3
photosynthesis 233
see also ethanol
corn fiber 15, 16
corn stover 11, 12, 13–15, 16,44
energy balance 224–6, 231
production difficulties 44
deforestation 71
diesel engines 118
Diesel, Rudolf 117
dioxin 155
distillers’ grain 226, 231
economy, local 66, 69–71
electricity production 65, 66, 180–3, 189
from biogas 172–4, 174, 189
from ethanol 180–2
from sugarcane/bagasse 65, 66, 180–2
ELSBETT Engine 117, 118
employment 70, 71
energy balance 224–6
corn stover 224–6
distillers’ grain 226, 231
for sugar-ethanol 224
willow 224
Energy Policy Act (EPACT) 41, 42
energy resources 153
coal 1, 113
crops 2, 16
fossil 1–2, 3
future 2
natural gas 1
petroleum 1–2, 3
renewable 2–4, 3
economics 2–3, 4
sustainable 223–33
Enterobacter aerogenes 206, 207, 207
Enterobacteriaceae 206–7
environmental concerns 52, 66
biodiversity 66, 68, 71
deforestation 71
fertilizers and pesticides 52, 66, 69
soil erosion 18–19, 19,21
water consumption 68
see also carbon dioxide; greenhouse gases;
no-till cropping
enzyme technology 49, 50, 51, 52
in biodiesel production 85–6, 129–47
hydrogen production 204–6
lipases 85–6, 130–43
erosion control 18–19, 19
soil erosion models 21
Escherichia coli 206, 207
esterification/transesterification 89, 90, 130
in alcohols (various) 131–3, 132
supercritical 86–7, 86, 86, 87
catalysts 81–6
acid 83, 83, 162–4
advantages/disadvantages 83
alkaline 81–2, 82, 130, 161–2
advantages/disadvantages 81–2
saponification 82
enzymatic 85–6
advantages/disadvantages 85
lipases 85–6, 130–1, 131–43, 131, 132
heterogeneous 83–5, 84
advantages/disadvantages 83–4
calcium carbonate 84
zinc compounds 85
chemical principles 80–7, 80, 129, 130–1
glycerol layer 82, 84–5, 87, 89, 160
in-situ 87
lipids into biodiesel 156, 159, 160, 161–8
and solvent 87
from soybean oil 87
see also methanolysis
ethanol 7, 9
from cellulosic materials 49–52, 50
comparative costs 62
feedstock sources 10
Minimum Ethanol Selling Price (MESP) 30,
31
as sustainable energy 223
see also corn-ethanol industry; ethanol
(Brazil); ethanol (USA)
ethanol (Brazil)
applications 56, 57, 59
current situation 55
distilleries 56–7, 177–8, 177, 179
economics 55, 57, 58
cost reduction 61–2
economy
and employment 70, 71
living conditions 66, 69–71, 70
local benefits 69–71, 70
electricity production 65, 66, 180–2
favorable conditions 72