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170 <strong>Biofuels</strong> Lotero, E., Liu, Y., Lopez, D., Suwannakarn, K., Bruce, D., Goodw<strong>in</strong>, J. (2005). Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 44, 5353–5363. Mar<strong>in</strong>, J., Mateos, F., Mateos, P. (2003). Grasas y aceites, 54, 130–137. Markolwitz, M. (2004). Consider Europe’s most popular catalyst, Biodiesel Mag., 1, 20–22. Mittelbach, M., Remschmidt, C. (2004). Biodiesel: The Comprehensive Handbook. Mart<strong>in</strong> Mittelbach, Graz, Austria, 330 p. Nawar, W. (1984). Chemical Changes <strong>in</strong> lipids produced by thermal process<strong>in</strong>g, J. Chem. Ed., 61, 299–303. Niederl, A., Narodoslawsky, M. (2006). Ecological evaluation of processes based on by-products or waste from agriculture: Life cycle assessment of biodiesel from tallow and used vegetable oil. In: Feedstocks for the Future: Renewables for the Production of Chemicals and Materials, ACS Symposium, 921, 239–252. Noordam, M., Withers, R.V. (1996). Produc<strong>in</strong>g Biodiesel from Canola <strong>in</strong> the Inland Northwest: An Economic Feasibility Study, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Bullet<strong>in</strong> no. 785, University of Idaho College of Agriculture, Moscow, Idaho. Nye, M., Williamson, T., Desphande, S., Schrader, J., Snively, W., Yurkewich, T. (1983). Conversion of used fry<strong>in</strong>g oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: prelim<strong>in</strong>ary tests, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 60, 1598–1601. O’Brien, R., Farr., W., Wan, P. (2000). Introduction to fats and oils technology, AOCS Press, p. 136–157. Rose, P., Norris, M. (2002). Evaluate biodiesel made from waste fats and oils, F<strong>in</strong>al report: agricultural Utilization Research Institute, Cookston, MN. Supple, B., Holward-Hildige R., Gonzalez-Gomez, E., Leahy, J. (2002). The effect of steam treat<strong>in</strong>g waste cook<strong>in</strong>g oil on the yield of methyl esters, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 79, 175–178. Tomasevic, A., Silez-Mar<strong>in</strong>kovic, S. (2003). Methanolysis of used fry<strong>in</strong>g oil, Fuel Process Technol., 81, 1–6. Verhé, R. (2007). Biodiesel production from waste streams. RRB3 Conference, 4-6 June 2007, Ghent, Belgium. Verhé, R., Stevens, C. V. (2006). Non-published results. Zhang, Y., Dube, M., McLean, D., Kates, M. (2003a). Biodiesel production from waste cook<strong>in</strong>g oil: 2 Economic assessment and sensivity analysis. Bioresource Technology, 90, 229–240. Zhang, Y., Dube, M., McLean, D., Kates, M. (2003b). Biodiesel production from waste cook<strong>in</strong>g oil: 1 Process design and technical assessment, Bioresource Technology, 89, 1–16. Zheng, S., Kates, M., Diebe, M.A., McLean, D.D. (2006). Acid-catalysed production of biodiesel from waste fry<strong>in</strong>g oil, Biomass & Bioenergy, 30, 267–272.
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Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
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Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
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Contents Series Preface ix Preface
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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
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Series Preface Renewable resources,
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Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
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Editors List of Contributors Wim So
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1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
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Table 1.1 Approximate average world
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Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
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2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
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3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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- Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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- Page 196 and 197: Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1