Biofuels in Perspective

iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41
and corn mills 47–8
cropland criteria 11
and ethanol production 52, 105
location 43, 43,44
and transport 11, 24, 25–6, 33
and US grants 45, 46
biosyngas see syngas
black liquor 108–9
Brazil 79, 172, 191
biogas production 176–83, 177, 191
sugarcane 56, 58, 59, 67, 68
see also ethanol (Brazil)
Brazilian Alcohol Program (PROALCOOL)
56, 57
Bush, George W. (President) 49, 52
cactus 183
Caldicellulosiruptor spp. 208–10
Ca. saccharolyticus 208–9, 209,
210
cellulose degradation 208–9
end products 208
in glucose culture 209, 209
in xylose culture 209, 209
California 13, 44
canola see rapeseed oil
carbohydrates 199
carbon
sequestration 27
in soil 27, 28, 228
carbon dioxide 6, 153, 182, 226–8
in corn-ethanol processing 227,
228–32
net fuel replacement 231
and fertilizer emissions 231
livestock emissions 231
net fuel replacement 231
removal 189–90, 191
see also greenhouse gases
catalysts 81–6, 88
for biodiesel production 81–6, 147
esterification/transesterification 81–6, 130,
161–4
Fischer—Tropsch synthesis 97
hydrogenases 204–6
lipases 85–6, 131–43
and syngas 109, 113
waste lipids 155, 161–4
cell-surface display 143–7
cellulase 50, 51
Index 237
cellulosic materials 10, 44
availability 11–13, 12, 45
chemical structure 29, 29
and climate change 27–9
collection 22–5
economics 13, 25–7
erosion control 18–19
ethanol production 49–52
biochemical approach 50, 50
difficulties 50–1, 51
energy self-sufficiency 49
farmer (role of) 32
feedstock options 13–16
policy recommendations 34–5
pretreatment 29–31, 30, 31, 31
biological processes 30
chemical 29–30
hydrolyzing 32–3
method selection 31
sustainable production 9–35
sustainable removal 16–18
tillage practice 16–17
transportation 25–6, 33
utilization 10–11
cereal straw 13
baling and collection 14
yields 13–15
char 108
China 2, 53, 79, 120
climate change 27–9
and greenhouse gases 27, 27, 29
and nitrogen oxides 28, 228
Clostridium spp. 207–8, 211
fermentation end products 207–8
hydrolytic capacity 207
redox metabolism 208
coal 1, 113
coconut oil 79
co-fermentation plants 172–4
contaminant removal
biogas 189–91, 190, 191
lipid (waste) 161, 168
corn 10, 68
and ethanol production 43–4, 46–9, 223–33
and greenhouse gases 226–8
production impact 43
see also corn-ethanol industry
corn-ethanol industry
sustainability 223–33
carbon dioxide emissions 227, 228–32,
229, 230