Biofuels in Perspective

vi Contents
2.16 Logistics 33
2.17 Conclusions 33
2.18 Policy Recommendations 34
References 35
3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA 39
Brent Erickson and Matthew T. Carr
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Federal Policy 40
3.3 The US Ethanol Market 41
3.4 Corn Ethanol Technology 46
3.5 Cellulosic Ethanol 49
3.6 The Future 52
References 53
4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazil 55
Arnaldo Walter
4.1 Overview 55
4.2 Introduction 56
4.3 The Brazilian Experience with Ethanol 56
4.4 Policy and Regulatory Instruments Applied to Deploy Large-Scale
Ethanol Production 59
4.5 Cost Reductions 61
4.6 Technological Development 62
4.7 Is the Ethanol Production in Brazil Sustainable? 65
4.8 Is the Brazilian Experience Replicable? 72
4.9 Conclusions 73
References 74
5 Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production 77
Martin Mittelbach
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Biodiesel Production Worldwide 77
5.3 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 79
5.4 Chemical Principles of Biodiesel Production 80
5.5 Catalysts for Transesterification and Esterification Reactions 81
5.6 Transesterification in Supercritical Alcohols 86
5.7 Alternative Approaches 87
5.8 Overview of Process Technologies 87
References 91
6 Bio-based Fischer–Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies 95
Robin Zwart and René van Ree
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Theoretical Background Catalytic FT-Diesel Synthesis Process 96