Biofuels in Perspective

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture 191 Table 10.5 Quality specification of bio-methane as a vehicle fuel Components Composition Methane 96 vol % Carbon dioxide < 3vol% Hydrogen sulphide < 5mg/Nm 3 Oxygen
192 Biofuels Feedstock(s) Biological raw material various, mixed Processing-Technologies various, combined Products Substances and Energy various, multi product systems Basic principle of a biorefinery Food and Feed grains, Ligno-cellulosic Biomass, (e.g. Late grass, reed, bush, harvest rest) Forest Biomass, (e.g. Wood, underwood, waste wood-processing) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), (e.g. Paper:cardboard, town-cleaning, hospitals) Bioprocesses, (bacterial, enzymatic a.o.) Chemical Processes, Thermo-chemical Processes, Thermal Processes, Fuels, Chemicals, Materials (e.g. Polymers) Specialities Commodities, Goods Figure 10.19 Scheme biorefinery (after Kamm and Kamm, 2004), with kind permission of Springer Science+Business Media. outlets generally have higher benefit/costs ratio’s. Hence, the biomass to biofuel conversion processes will be subjected to constant economic re-evaluation. A major strength of the biogas route is that it does not need to receive high-quality inputs. Indeed it can deal in a most elegant way (the biogas distils off by itself) with an almost endless variety of single and combined substrates, including materials with negative values such as wastes and residues. Hence, biogas technology will in the coming years gain in importance as a downstream process, not only in conventional agriculture and its process industries, but also in the so-called biorefineries (Verstraete et al., 2005) (Figure 10.19). In this context, it is remarkable to see that most of the concepts on biofuels do not refer to the fact that they will have wastestreams (see e.g. Hammerschlag, 2006). Yet, preliminary reports from practice indicate that both from bio-ethanol and biodiesel some 1 to 5 % of the organic matter input (COD input) will become in the biorefinery a waste for which anaerobic digestion to biogas appears to be a potential solution. These percentages generate ample prospects for the biogas technology in the downstream of the biorefinery. A number of specific aspects can advance the position of biomass to biogas digestion in the overall industry. First of all, there is a potential for the development of better biogas crops. For centuries, plant breeding has focussed on various aspects such as protein content, starch quality, taste, colour, aroma, disease resistance. The crop which is optimally suited for biogas production
Page 2 and 3:
Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5:
Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 8 and 9:
Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
Page 10 and 11:
Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 12 and 13:
Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
Page 14 and 15:
Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17:
1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19:
Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21:
Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 22 and 23:
Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
Page 24 and 25:
2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27:
Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57:
Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59:
Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
Page 72 and 73:
Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
Page 74 and 75:
Share of energy consumption 100% 90
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.2 Main technological improv
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90:
Page 93 and 94:
78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
Page 95 and 96:
80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
Page 97 and 98:
82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
Page 99 and 100:
84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
Page 101 and 102:
86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
Page 103 and 104:
88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
Page 105 and 106:
90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
Page 107 and 108:
92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
Page 110 and 111:
6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Page 112 and 113:
6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
Page 114 and 115:
Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
Page 134 and 135:
Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
Page 136 and 137:
Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
Page 138 and 139:
Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142:
Page 145 and 146:
130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
Page 147 and 148:
132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
Page 149 and 150:
134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
Page 151 and 152:
136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
Page 153 and 154:
138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
Page 155 and 156: 140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
Page 157 and 158: 142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
Page 159 and 160: 144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
Page 161 and 162: ability to reduce flocculation (% o
Page 163 and 164: 148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
Page 165 and 166: 150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
Page 168 and 169: 9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
Page 170 and 171: Production of Biodiesel from Waste
Page 174 and 175: 9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
Page 176 and 177: Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
Page 182 and 183: CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
Page 184 and 185: References Production of Biodiesel
Page 186 and 187: 10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
Page 188 and 189: Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
Page 190 and 191: Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
Page 192 and 193: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 196 and 197: Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
Page 200 and 201: Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
Page 202 and 203: Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 204 and 205: Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
Page 210: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
Page 213 and 214: 198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
Page 215 and 216: 200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
Page 217 and 218: Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
Page 219 and 220: 204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
Page 221 and 222: 206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
Page 223 and 224: 208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
Page 225 and 226: 210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
Page 227 and 228: 212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
Page 229 and 230: 214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
Page 231 and 232: 216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
Page 233 and 234: 218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
Page 235 and 236: 220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
Page 238 and 239: 12 Improving Sustainability of the
Page 240 and 241: Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
Page 242 and 243: Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
Page 244 and 245: Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
Page 246 and 247: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 248 and 249: Improving Sustainability of the Cor
Page 250 and 251: Index italic entries indicate refer
Page 252 and 253: iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
Page 254 and 255: policy (official) 59-61 production
Page 256 and 257:
NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
show all

Biofuels in Perspective

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?