Biofuels in Perspective

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Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt to generate the heat required for distillation. Similar production schedules may soon become a reality in the USA or Europe when e.g. ethanol is produced from wheat, with the wheat straw being burned to generate the heat for distillation. Biodiesel has a lower energy input required for its production. However, the low yield of the crops from which it is produced per hectare dampens the perspectives for biodiesel. Concerning the difference in gross energy yield per hectare between sugar beet and wheat, it also has to be borne in mind that European farmers have traditionally obtained very high prices for their sugar beets. This high price was being maintained by the sugar market regulation (quota regulation) in Europe, which is now under reform. Even if the yield per hectare is higher for sugar beets, with the current price structure it is today more economical to produce ethanol out of wheat or other cereals, unless the ethanol production can be coupled to the sugar production, a production scheme that offers technical advantages. 1.4 Conclusion The use of bio-ethanol and biodiesel derived from agricultural crops is a technically viable alternative for fossil-based gasoline or diesel. Moreover, their use fits perfectly in the present concept and technology of our mobility. Liquid energy carriers are an (energetically) expensive but very useful energy carrier for mobile applications such as transportation. It is clear that energy sources for mobile applications should not only be compared on the basis of simple energy balances or costs, but also on the base of their practical usefulness, quality, environmental characteristics and convenience in use of the obtained energy carrier. It is interesting to note that Henry Ford, when designing his famous model T car, presumed that ethanol would become the car fuel of the future. Although initially petrochemistry got the upper hand, it now seems as though Henry Ford was way ahead of his time and proven right in the long run. Even as the discussion about the sense or nonsense of biofuels is ongoing, the transition process from a fossil-based to a bio-based society is clearly moving forward, with impressive growth in the USA, Brazil, China and Europe finally catching on. There is little doubt that in the medium term, we will all fill up our car with a considerable percentage of biofuels, probably unaware of it and without noticing any difference. The large-scale introduction of biofuels can reconcile the interests of environment, mobility and agriculture and can be seen as an important step with high symbolic value towards the sustainable society of the future. References Anonymous (1998) Renewable energy target for Europe: 20 % by 2020. Report from the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). Anonymous (2000) Biodiesel: The Clean, Green Fuel for Diesel Engines (Fact sheet). NREL Report No. FS-580-28315; DOE/GO-102000-1048. Anonymous (2004) Renewable Energy scenario to 2040: Half of the Global Energy Supply from renewables in 2040. Report from the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). Campbell, C.J. (1998) The future of oil. Energy Explor. Exploit. 16: 125–52. Campbell, C.J. and Laherrère, J.H. (1998) The end of cheap oil. Sci. Am. 278: 78–83.
8 Biofuels Clark, W. (2004) The case for biorefining. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. www.sae.org/ events/sfl/pres-clark.pdf Dale, B.E. (2007) Thinking clearly about biofuels: ending the irrelevant net energy debate and developing better performance metrics for alternative fuels. Biofpr, Biofuels, Bioproducts, Biorefining 1: 14–17. Demain, A.L. (2000) Small bugs, big business: the economic power of the microbe. Biotechnol. Adv. 18: 499–514. Demain, A.L. (2007) The business of industrial biotechnology. Industrial Biotechnology 3(3): 269–83. Dale, B.E. (2003) ‘Greening’ the chemical industry: research and development priorities for biobased industrial products. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 78: 1093–1103. Du, W., Xu, Y. and Liu, D. (2003) Lipase-catalysed transesterification of soy bean oil for biodiesel production during continuous batch operation. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 38: 103–6. IEA Bioenergy. www.ieabioenergy.com Kamm, B. and Kamm, M. (2004) Principles of biorefineries. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64: 137–45. Lissens, G., Vandevivere, P., De Baere, L., Biey, E.M., Verstraete, W. (2001). Solid waste digestors: process performance and practice for municipal solid waste digestion. Water Science and Technology 44: 91–102. Okkerse, C. and Van Bekkum, H. (1999) From fossil to green. Green chem. 1(2): 107–14. Realff, M.A. and Abbas, C. (2004) Industrial symbiosis : refining the biorefinery. J. Industrial Ecology 7: 5–9. Shapouri, H., Duffield, J.A. and Wang, M. (2003) The energy balance of corn ethanol: an update. USDA report no. 814. Sheehan, J., Aden, A., Paustian, K., Killian, K., Brenner, J. et al. (2004) Energy and environmental aspects of using corn stover for fuel ethanol. J. Industrial Ecology 7: 117–46. NREL Report No. JA-510-36462. Soetaert, W., and Vandamme, E.J. (2006) The impact of industrial biotechnology. Biotechnology. J. 1(7–8): 756–69. Vandamme, E.J. and Soetaert, W. (2004) Industrial biotechnology and sustainable chemistry. BACAS-report, Royal Belgian Academy, 34p. http://www.europabio.org/documents/150104/ bacas report en.pdf Wuebbles, D.J. and Jain, A.K. (2001) Concerns about climate change and the role of fossil fuel use. Fuel Process. Technol. 71: 99–119.
Page 2 and 3: Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5: Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasificati
Page 10 and 11: Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 12 and 13: Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
Page 14 and 15: Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17: 1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19: Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 24 and 25: 2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27: Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
Page 58 and 59: Biorefineries in Production (115) B
Page 66 and 67: Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
Page 70 and 71: 4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
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138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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