Biofuels in Perspective

NADH 200–6, 207, 210
natural gas 1
nitrogen oxides 28, 228
no-till cropping 19, 20, 21, 23, 27
adoption rates 22, 24
and greenhouse gas emissions 28–9,
228
transitioning to 21–2
oilseeds 2
oxidoreductases 205, 208
palm oil 79, 154, 168
paper industry 108–9
pesticides 66
PETROBRAS 60
petrochemicals 4
petroleum 1–2, 3
Philippines 79
plant oil biofuels 117–27
advantages 121
for developing countries 122
blends v. standalone 119
conversion technology 124–5
engine suitability 126–7
one tank system 125
selection 127
two tank system 125
cost savings 121–2
emission benefits 121, 121
engine maintenance 127
historical aspects 118, 119
market
nature of 119–20
penetration 125–7
political aspects 120–1
share of 118–19
principles 118–19
production 123–4
seed choice 123
storage and transportation 124
system requirements 122–4, 123
user profile 125–6
polar content 158
polymer production 10
poplar 16
pre-esterification 90
pretreatment
of biomass feedstock 29–31, 106–8, 106
of cellulosic materials 29–31, 30, 31, 31,
32–3
in syngas production 106–8, 106, 110,
113
waste lipid processing 156, 159
process waste 16
ProROL proteins 144–7, 145
pulp industry 108–9
purification see contaminant removal
Pyrococcus spp. 212–13
ferredoxin (role) 212–13
NADPH 213
P. furiosus 213
rapeseed oil 77–8, 79, 123, 154
Renewable Energy Act 172–4, 184–5
renewable fuels 2
residues
decomposition 228
utilization 10–11, 44
rice 13
slurries 108
soap 82, 88, 89, 160, 165–6
soil erosion 18–19, 21
soybeans 68
and greenhouse gases 226–8
oil 87, 123, 154
methanolysis 134
stubble 15
sugarcane 56, 62
bagasse 64–5, 177–8, 180, 182
and biogas production 176–7, 177
burning 63–4
distilleries 177–8
electricity production 65, 66, 180–2
ethanol production (Brazil) 56, 58
area 59, 67, 68
and greenhouse gas emissions 67, 71
harvesting 63–4
macronutrients 180, 180
production
and employment 70, 71
improvements in 62–5, 65
and local economy 69–71, 70
research 63–4, 69
trash 64, 65
varieties 63, 73
vinasse 178–80
and water consumption 68
Sweden 109, 189
switchgrass 16, 17, 22, 49
Switzerland 189
Index 241