Biofuels in Perspective

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Contents vii 6.3 Biomass Gasification-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts 100 6.4 Economics of Biomass-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts 110 6.5 Conclusions 113 References 114 7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Production and Application 117 Barnim Jeschke 7.1 Introduction 117 7.2 Plant Oil Biofuels: the Underlying Idea 118 7.3 Perspectives of the Plant Oil Fuel Market 119 7.4 System Requirements 122 7.5 Plant Oil Conversion Technology 124 7.6 The User Perspective 125 References 127 8 Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel 129 Hideki Fukuda 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Enzymatic Transesterification by Lipase 130 8.3 Use of Extracellular Lipases 131 8.4 Use of Intracellular Lipase as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst 136 8.5 Use of Cell-Surface Displaying Cells as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst 143 8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 147 References 147 9 Production of Biodiesel from Waste Lipids 153 Roland Verhé and Christian V. Stevens 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Alternative Resources for Biodiesel Production 155 9.3 Conversion of Waste Frying and Cooking Oils into Biodiesel 155 9.4 Conclusion 168 References 169 10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide 171 Peter Weiland, Willy Verstraete and Adrianus Van Haandel 10.1 Overview 171 10.2 Introduction 172 10.3 Biogas Production Potential 174 10.4 Biogas Production Configurations 183 10.5 Outlook 191 10.6 Conclusions 193 References 194
viii Contents 11 Biological Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Microorganisms 197 Servé W.M. Kengen, Heleen P. Goorissen, Marcel Verhaart, Alfons J.M. Stams, Ed W.J. van Niel and Pieternel A.M. Claassen Abbreviations 197 11.1 Introduction 198 11.2 Hydrogen Formation in Natural Ecosystems 198 11.3 Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Formation 199 11.4 Enzymology 204 11.5 Enterobacteria 206 11.6 The Genus Clostridium 207 11.7 The Genus Caldicellulosiruptor 208 11.8 The Genus Thermoanaerobacter 210 11.9 The Genus Thermotoga 211 11.10 The Genus Pyrococcus/Thermococcus 212 11.11 Approaches for Improving Hydrogen Production 213 11.12 Concluding Remarks 214 References 215 12 Improving Sustainability of the Corn–Ethanol Industry 223 Paul W. Gallagher and Hosein Shapouri 12.1 Introduction 223 12.2 Energy Balance 224 12.3 Crop Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 226 12.4 CO2 Adjustment in a Changing Ethanol Industry 228 12.5 Conclusions 232 References 233 Index 235
Page 2 and 3: Biofuels Biofuels. Edited by Wim So
Page 4 and 5: Biofuels Edited by WIM SOETAERT Ghe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Series Preface ix Preface
Page 10 and 11: Series Preface Renewable resources,
Page 12 and 13: Preface This volume on Biofuels fit
Page 14 and 15: Editors List of Contributors Wim So
Page 16 and 17: 1 Biofuels in Perspective W. Soetae
Page 18 and 19: Table 1.1 Approximate average world
Page 20 and 21: Table 1.3 Energy yields of bio-ener
Page 22 and 23: Biofuels in Perspective 7 is burnt
Page 24 and 25: 2 Sustainable Production of Cellulo
Page 26 and 27: Sustainable Production of Cellulosi
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.9 2004 US adoption rates o
Page 54 and 55: 3 Bio-Ethanol Development in the US
Page 56 and 57: Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Biorefineries in Production (115) B
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Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA
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Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol, $ per g
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4 Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Bra
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Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazi
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Share of energy consumption 100% 90
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Table 4.2 Main technological improv
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4.7.4 Use of Fertilizers and Pestic
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78 Biofuels Table 5.1 Biodiesel pro
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80 Biofuels CH 2 O CH O COR R1 + 3
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82 Biofuels short reaction times. 9
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84 Biofuels Table 5.4 Overview on h
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86 Biofuels Table 5.5 Critical cond
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88 Biofuels methoxide as catalyst u
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90 Biofuels KOH Methano Oil/Fat Aci
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92 Biofuels 16. J. Graille, P. Loza
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6 Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
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6.2.1.2 Catalysts Bio-based Fischer
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Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Pr
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7 Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Pro
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Table 7.1 Market milestones for pla
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Water CO 2 Figure 7.1 Closed CO 2 l
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Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Produ
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130 Biofuels Among the attractive f
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132 Biofuels Table 8.1 Enzymatic tr
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134 Biofuels conversion was maintai
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136 Biofuels (diglycerides) decreas
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138 Biofuels ME content (wt.%) Reac
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140 Biofuels Ratio of initial react
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142 Biofuels (a) 34 kDa 31 kDa 34 k
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144 Biofuels preparation of whole-c
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ability to reduce flocculation (% o
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148 Biofuels 5. R. C. Strayer, J. A
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150 Biofuels 46. H. Fukuda, Immobil
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9 Production of Biodiesel from Wast
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Production of Biodiesel from Waste
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9.3.2 Processing of Crude and Waste
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Heavy layer from alkaline neutralis
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CPO I 1 1 Heating 60°C Reaction st
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References Production of Biodiesel
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10 Biomass Digestion to Methane in
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Cow manure Pig manure Yard manure B
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Number of plants 3000 2500 2000 150
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Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agr
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Table 10.4 Alternative forms of ene
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Wet fermentation 3 - 10% TS applica
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Rel. Frequency [%] 35 30 25 20 15 1
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Steam 2 1 Energy crops (& manure) D
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198 Biofuels 11.1 Introduction Hydr
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200 Biofuels lactate 6 glucose 1 GA
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Table 11.2 Continued Organism Domai
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204 Biofuels NADH is that the react
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206 Biofuels Clostridium thermocell
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208 Biofuels in particular in Cl. p
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210 Biofuels ferredoxin-dependent m
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212 Biofuels Concentration (mM) 45
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214 Biofuels genes of the glycolysi
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216 Biofuels 11. S. Tanisho and Y.
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218 Biofuels 49. M. J. Axley, D. A.
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220 Biofuels 83. P. J. Silva, E. C.
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12 Improving Sustainability of the
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Table 12.1 Corn ethanol dry mill: e
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Table 12.2 Atmospheric CO2 (equival
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Table 12.3 Incremental CO2 equivale
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Improving Sustainability of the Cor
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Index italic entries indicate refer
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iorefineries 3, 10, 11, 41 and corn
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policy (official) 59-61 production
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NADH 200-6, 207, 210 natural gas 1
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Biofuels in Perspective

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