Biofuels in Perspective

policy (official) 59–61
production 57–9, 58
anaerobic digestion 180, 181
bagasse/vinasse utilization 178–80
costs 61–2, 62
energy efficiency 182
future aspects 73–4
market share 57–9
replication 72–3
coordination 72
program planning 73
subsidies 73
state regulation 59–61
and automobile industry 60, 60
fuel blend composition 60–1, 60
and taxation 61
sugarcane
area 59, 67
research 63–4, 69
sustainability 65–72, 74
and biodiversity 68, 71
and fertilizers/pesticides 69
and food production 67–8
greenhouse gas emissions 66–7,
71
and living conditions 66, 69–71, 70
and local economy 69–71
technological development 62–5, 65
ethanol (USA)
federal policy 40–1, 49, 52, 53
Clean Air Act 40
Energy Policy Act (EPACT) 41, 42
vehicle capacity 45–6
industrial development 39–53
market 41–6
production 41, 42, 47, 105
advanced fractionation processing 48,
48
via biomass gasification 51–2
biorefinery locations 43, 43, 44
from cellulose materials 49–52
corn dry mills 47–8
corn-ethanol technology 46–9
corn wet mills 47, 48
early years 39–40
environmental concerns 52
enzyme technology 49
future prospects 52–3
investment 52
and transportation 44, 52
ethanolysis 132, 133
Index 239
fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) 80
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) 79, 80,
154
fatty acids 90, 157
and methanolysis 139–41, 140, 141
oxidation 157
removal 160
feedstock see biomass feedstock
fermentation 105, 199–204
biogas production 172–4, 188
of carbohydrates 199, 200
by Thermoanaerobacter 210
see also hydrogen, production
ferredoxin 211, 212–13
fertilizers 66
emissions 231
nitrogen 28
run-off 52
vinasse 69
Finland 109
firewood 4
Fischer—Tropsch (FT) method
95–113
chemistry
catalysts 97
feed gas specifications 98–9, 98
principle 96
product distribution 97–8, 98
synthesis 96
economics 110–13
biodiesel production costs 111, 111
biomass harvesting 110
biomass price 112–13
capital investment 110–11, 111
plant size 112, 112
pretreatment 110
transport 110, 112
historical aspects 96
syngas 96, 99–109, 110
‘flexible fuel’ vehicles (FFVs) 46, 57, 72
food production 66, 68
food v. fuel conflict 66, 67–8, 154, 168
Ford, Henry 7, 39
Fossil Energy Replacement Ratio (FER) 6
fossil energy resources 1
fuels, costs 2–4, 3
genetically enhanced microorganisms (GEMs)
10
Germany 172, 189, 191
biogas production 174–6, 175