Dames & Moore, 1999 - USDA Forest Service

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The pH to copper relationship (Figure 6.4-12) shows some indication of pH controls. Copper is higher in concentration in the west area of the site than the east area. The abandoned mill building, portal drainage and waste rock piles indicate a negative correlation between copper and pH implying a constraint on copper concentrations for these data. In comparison, much lower copper concentrations are seen in the tailings pile seeps. The data do not have sufficient pH range to demonstrate a relationship between copper and pH, though tailings pile 1 has lower copper concentrations at higher pH. The tailings pile data probably indicate a limit to the availability of copper in the tailings but also possibly indicate the effects of co-precipitation of ferric hydroxides. In the case of limited copper availability in tailings, the correlation of pH and copper reflects only the increased leaching of copper by stronger acidic solutions. Copper concentrations in surface waters of Railroad Creek are very low and do not appear to be controlled by the solubility of copper secondary minerals. Coprecipitation and adsorption on iron coatings and other materials on stream sediments is expected to attenuate copper concentrations in stream waters. The plot of pH and zinc (Figure 6.4-13) is similar to copper except that the mill building, portal drainage and waste rock piles appear to have relatively stable zinc concentrations (between 0.1 and 1 m a). This may imply a mineral solubility constraint, although zinc minerals are far more soluble than indicated by these data. The tailings pile data appear to indicate a limit to the availability of zinc, as zinc would be expected to occur at much higher concentrations in low pH water (by extrapolation of the pH to zinc trend for the mill building, portal drainage, and waste rock piles). The correlation of zinc and pH may, like copper, be caused by co-precipitation of zinc with ferric hydroxides, with the effect decreasing as pH decreases. omp par is on of sulfate and aluminum also supports the general conclusion of buffering by alumino-silicates (Figure 6.4-9) shown by examination of magnesium and potassium concentrations. sulfate is correlated with aluminum at high aluminum and sulfate concentrations indicating that generation of acid, represented by sulfate results in attack on alumino-silicates releasing aluminum in proportion to acidity. However, aluminum concentrations are lowered by aluminum hydroxides precipitation, hence the relationship is only stable at higher sulfate and lower pH. Aluminum is removed rather than sulfate as pH increases introducing scatter in the relationship between the parameters in Figure 6.4-9. The cadmium to pH relationship is similar to Zn-pH indicating that zinc and cadmium show similar geochemical behavior (Figure 6.4- 14). Water ch'emistry indicates that pH is controlled by the formation of amorphous hydroxide precipitates of iron and aluminum. The formation of these precipitates constrains pH, which allows copper to remain in solution, but precipitation also allows attenuation by co-precipitation and provides a substrate for adsorption. 6.4.6 Conclusions Evaluation of water chemistry .indicates that geochemical behavior consistent with the well-known processes discussed in Section 6.3 is occurring throughout the Holden Mine Site. Conclusions fiom this section are as follows: Consistent geochemical processes are occurring throughout the Site, specifically iron sulfide oxidation, sphalerite and chalcopyrite oxidation, buffering and metal attenuation. \\DM-SEA I\VOLI\COMMOMWP\~W)~~2\n160.dos 6-23 17693-005-019Vuly 27.<strong>1999</strong>.4:ll PMDRAFf FINAL RI REPORT
The geochemistry of Site waters is generally consistent with oxidation of pyrite and pyrrhotite to release sulfate, iron and acid. The molar ratio of sulfate to iron in acidic solutions is consistent with the ratios in the minerals. Oxidation of iron sulfides is the main source of sulfate in the waters. Iron solubility is controlled by pH. Oxidation of sphalerite results in the release of zinc, cadmium ,and probably manganese. The low concentration of sphalerite in all of the tailings piles due to ore processing results in relatively low zinc concentrations in seepage water. Oxidation of chalcopyrite results in the release of copper. The abundance of chalcopyrite is an important limitation. The tailings piles contain very little chalcopyrite (due to ore processing) and therefore seeps from the tailings piles contain relatively low copper concentrations. Copper concentrations in surface water of Railroad Creek are low and are not controlled by the solubility of copper secondary minerals, but rather by sorption processes. Buffering of acidity produced by sulfide oxidation is occurring by the reaction of waters with alumino-silicates. The main silicates involved in the reaction appear to be calcic plagioclase, biotite and possibly chlorite. The contribution of these minerals is indicated by the correlation of calcium, magnesium, potassium and aluminum concentrations with sulfate and each other. Since alumino-silicates are ubiquitous and abundant, buffering occurs close to the source of acid generation. The release of aluminum by an acid reaction with alumino-silicates results in an important control on pH. Precipitation of aluminum hydroxide controls pH at 4.5. This limits the solubility of some metals (e.g., iron) but also allows pH to be low enough to allow copper, zinc and other metals to remain in solution. This in turn allows ,metals to reach Railroad Creek with little attenuation. The comparison of sulfate and aluminum supports the general conclusion of buffering by alumino-silicates; however, aluminum concentrations are lowered by aluminum hydroxide precipitation, hence the relationship is only stable at higher sulfate and lower pH. 6.5 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRGPTION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES This section presents difference of the processes that are occurring in different parts of the Site and that reflect unique characteristics associated with specific sources. The differences in processes at these source areas are generally related to the movement of air and the movement of water. Air movement is a fundamental process controVfactor because it is regulates the degree to which oxidation occurs. If oxygen is readily available, oxidation is not limited by oxygen supply but can occur at a rate dictated by the properties of the minerals. Water movement is also an important controlling factor because it controls the dissolution and transport of weathering products. Seasonal variations in water flow also control variations in load release of drainage waters that discharge to Railroad Creek. \U)M-SWI\VOLI\COMMO~WR~~Q~U)O~I~~~~~MO.~OC 6-24 17693M)5419Uuly 27.<strong>1999</strong>;4:11 PM;DRAF7 FINAL RI REPORT DAMES & MOORE
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I DAMES & MOORE A DAMES & MOORE GRO
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DAMES & MOORE .. A DAMES 8 MOORE GR
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INTRODUCTION The olden Mine was ope
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The Forest Service implemented site
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Remainder of Year - After the sprin
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' Water Portal Drainage quality mea
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Groundwater discharge from the tail
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Trout An intermediate potential ris
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Windblown Tailings Material The ero
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Lucerne Bar Sampling Additional sed
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3.0 REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION METHODOL
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... 5.3 SURFACE WATER .............
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8.3.3 Surface Water ...............
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Table 4.6-3A - Table. 4.6-4 - Table
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Table 7.1-1 - Table 7.1-5 - Table 7
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Table 7.2.4-2D - Table 7.2.4-3 - Ta
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Figure 4.2-2 - Figure 4.2-3 - Figur
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Figure 5.3-9 - Figure 5.3-10 - Figu
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Figure 6.5-9 - Figure 6.5-10 - Figu
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ACRONYM AND ABBREVIATION GLOSSARY @
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The .Holden Mine i
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sediment reference location" includ
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Volumes 11,111. and IV Section 4.0
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. . . . .................. ........
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2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION The Holden Min
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~:\wpdaca\005\rc~o~iol&n-2~i~-0.dae
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2.5 SUMMARY OF ISSUES OF POTENTIAL
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G:\tupdata\005\repomUloldm-t\riU-O.
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1986 1988 1988 1989 Science Applica
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piemmeter water samples as Service.
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G:\~at~\00SLeporuUIoIden-2~V4.d0~ 1
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SOURCE: Wtem et al., 1992 USGS Chda
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3.0 REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION METHODOL
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wilderness boundary with the intent
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The test pits were excavated utiliz
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were transferred to AutoCAD maps of
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3.2.1 Streamflow Suweys Streamflow
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Site. Samples collected for dissolv
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' chromium, copper, iron, lead, mag
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elevated metals based on field scre
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Wolman pebble counts), occurrence a
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Assessment by Mining Consultant The
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discussions of the 1992 data have n
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VelocityDepth - influences benthic
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To the extent practical, electrosho
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Proportion of individuals as top ca
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provide adequate data to cany forwa
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3.1 1 TASK 11 - DATA EVALUATION 3.1
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3.11.4.2 Two-Dimensional Groundwate
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TABLE 3.0-1 KEY OF SITE FEATURES 8
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TABLE 3.2-1 ANALYTICAL PROGRAM FOR
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TABLE 3.2.2 ANALYnCAL PROORAM FOR G
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TABLE 1.24 ANALYTICAL PROGRAM FOR G
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TABLE 3.24 ANALmCAL PROORAM FOR GRO
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SOURCE: USGS Topographic Map, State
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- Figure 3.0-3 DAMES & MOORE HOLDEN
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Figure 3.1-2 DAMES & MOORE ! RI SOI
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Fill (2) Vent (1) SOURCE: Base map
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SOURCE: Base map information from U
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SOURCE: WIteffi et a/., 1992 USGS C
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DAMES & MOORE Figure 3.4-2 FLOCCULE
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i I i .4 i ,i i i\ i '.\ i \ \ i I
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4.1.2 Site Surface Features Referri
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Hydroelectric Plant Electrical powe
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Water seepage emanates, in the spri
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'7 ~t the Site, approximately mid-w
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system delineated by ditches and re
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Section I-I' and shows the six tunn
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The uppermost stopes within the min
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make up the earth's surface. The st
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silver, and included 34,000 tons of
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strength was determined by Hart Cro
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gravels are variable in thickness a
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wetlands and adjacent to Railroad C
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Several faults have been mapped in
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the coefficient of Friction. Geomor
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The groundwater levels used for the
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Tailings pile 3 is situated near th
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vertical extent of the underground
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from the roof, then evaluating the
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4.2.8 Potential Borrow Source Areas
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for good quality riprap would neces
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May and June, which coincide with t
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Rating Calculations Referring to Ta
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with little or no braiding. Upstrea
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Discharge in Railroad Creek was mon
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model predicted a 100-year flood at
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The data logger, or transducer, was
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submerged at high water levels. Flo
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this, it is possible that the snow
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4.3.5 Basin Average Climatic Water
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surface erosional features provide
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* The D50 equation is obtained from
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effect of a 0.05-foot stage increas
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discussed in' Section 6.8.2 of this
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Observations During Aquatic snorkel
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covers limited portions of the Site
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Bedrock Bedrock underlies the entir
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high as 0.1 to 0.2 feet per foot (F
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Generalized Site-Wide Groundwater R
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4.4.3.5 Groundwater Uses Groundwate
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Reach 1 Since there are no observed
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evaluated on the basis of judgment
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and only started flowing afier seve
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interceptor ditches likely carry pr
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The inflow of groundwater in the fo
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Accuracy The accuracy of the bedroc
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aquifer from the portal drainage, o
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Reference Reaches RC-10. Railroad C
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accessed, including the RM-3 "Dan's
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The banks are relatively nonvegetat
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Ratio of Shredder Functional Feedin
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without scrapers and organisms requ
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present at RC-6, RC-I, RC-3, SFAC-I
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and stumps with bark piles surround
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Tailings Piles A flock of violet-gr
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4.6.3 Threatened or Endangered Spec
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Background Information Grizzly bear
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anadromous populations occurring in
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Creek drainage, they are more commo
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R16E S7). These species include an
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TABLE 4.1 -1 KEY OF SITE FEATURES 8
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Pitchblende Sericite Biotite Source
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TABLE 4.2-2a EROSION POTENTIAL RANK
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TABLE 4.2-4 RIP-RAP CONDITION RANKI
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TABLE 4.24 BORROW SOURCE EVALUATION
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TABLE 4.3-1 AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW PE
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TABLE 4.33 AVERAGE MONTHLY POTENTIA
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TABLE 4.3& SURFACE WATER FIELD PARA
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TABLE 4.3da SURFACE WATER flELD PAR
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TABLE 4.3-5 MONTHLY STREAMFLOW AVER
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NA = not measured NF = no flow S =
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TABLE 4.34b AVERAGE MONTHLY WATER B
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Station RC- I RC-4 RC-9 Copper Cree
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Hydrostratigraphic Unit SoilIFill C
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TABLE 4.4-2 GROUNDWATER FIELD PARAM
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Stream Reach RC-4 to RC-7 RC-7 to R
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TABLE 4.4-6 RESULTS OF OCTOBER 1998
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Seep SP-8 was observed flowing in l
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TABLE 4.448 SEEPAGE FIELD PARAMETER
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TABLE 4.4- SEEPAGE FIELD PARAMETERS
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TABLE 4.4-9 REACH 1 SITE-SPECIFIC W
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Habitat Variable Stream Velocity an
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a TABLE 4.6-2A BENTHIC MACROINVERTE
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TABLE 4.6-2C DISTRIBUTION FIT FOR M
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TABLE 4.6-3 TROUT POPULATION ESTIMA
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Date September 9 September 10 Septe
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TABLE 4.6-6 . HERPETOFAUNA LIKELY T
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North-aspect Slope Sharp-shinned ha
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! I TABLE 4.6-10 MAMMAL SPECIES OBS
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CLIENT PRI VILECED AND CONFIDENTlA
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TABLE 4.6-13 U.S. FOREST SERVICE SU
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TABLE 4.6-15 SURVEY AND MANAGE SPEC
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. . ; SOURCE: Wen et al., 1992 ,, .
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SOURCE: Base mrlp information from
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____------ ---_ SOURCES: Base map i
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' Railroad Creek SOURCES: Northwest
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- Approximate f' Plan View Outline
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' DAMES LEGEND - Approximate extent
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- LEGEND Approximate extent of unde
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LEGEND ==s Approximate extent of un
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- E 2f W . E Volcanic Arc Cascadia
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,.' \ /- i \\ \ i i \ \..--A j \ /.
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DMES & MOORE Figure 4.2-6a HOLDEN M
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0.7 D.8 D. 9 E.0 E.l E.2 E.3 E.4 E.
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LEGEND Bedrock F WEST SOURCE: North
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G NORTH .- C u C al Alluvial rn Rew
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File: g:/l7693005mA-4st.slp Glacial
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3.24 3.23 X 3.22 w n 3.21 c .W 3.20
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DAMES & MOORE A aAMES & MOORE GROUP
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SOURCE: Base map inADrmatim from US
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Figure 4.2-21 d HOLDEN MINE SUBSIDE
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* r- Job DAMES & MOORE A DAMES 8 MO
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SOURCE: Golder and Associates, 1990
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SOURCE: Base nmp inlbnaficxl from U
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SOURCE: Wters et al., 1992 0 2.5 5
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D. 7 0.8 SOURCES: Base map informaf
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SOURCE: Base map inlbrmatim lrom US
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0.00 I I I I I I April May June Jul
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DAMES & MOORE A DAMES 6. MOORE GROU
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1.80 - 1 .. --.- -- 0.9 1.60 - ! Po
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Note: No data available for June 19
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: g ; . - . .... . -._. ........ .
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LEGEND ..-.-.-.-.- Freewater surfac
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SOURCE: Base map inlbrmation from U
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' D. 7 . 0.8 D. 9 E.0 E. 1 E.2 E.3
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C 0 % iil f 3192 - 3190 - 3188 3186
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, -.I p./ ,/' i i .\ i i i -.-. i '
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~ob NO. 1769300~019 Infiltration to
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Overland . Flow Areawest of Site Ov
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' SOURCE: Base map information from
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D. 9 E.0 E.2 E.3 E.4 0.7 SOURCE: Ba
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...... -.: - - ........... 3790 ,.-
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DRAFT FINAL Remedial Investigation
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(RAOs) section of the Feasibility S
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Also included in WAC 173-201A are p
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MTCA defines the methods and descri
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The historical data for samples col
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groundwater was encountered at appr
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were below MTCA levels with the fol
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sampling rounds, the field filter b
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Department of Ecology samples colle
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data sets where the total value was
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5.3.1.3 Summary Based on the statis
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adjacent to the Site were not neces
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RC-4 is located downstream of the p
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RC-2 is'located immediately downstr
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In May 1997, copper (21.5 pg5) in t
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Data collected from upstream statio
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of water exiting from the portal. S
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5.3.4.3 Historical Portal Drainage
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parameters did not indicate seasona
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The portal drainage was sampled at
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and sodium were not evaluated as th
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preliminary report 1997). Sample lo
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time frame. The concentration of ea
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5.4.2.4 Waste Rock Piies Seep sampl
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Seep data were compared to MTCA gro
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The data for seeps associated with
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in wells TP1- 1A. TPl-2A, TPI-3A, T
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5.4.2.8 Lucerne Well The well at th
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Ninemile Creek) with a correspondin
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During the mine reclamation activit
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TABLE 5.0-1 KM OF SITE FEATURES 8 M
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TABLE 5.2-1 SUMMARY OF RI SOlL ANAL
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TABLE 5.2-1 SUMMARY OF Rl SOIL ANAL
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TABLE 5.23 SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL SO
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TABLE 5.24 SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL TA
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TABLE 5.2-5 SUMMARY OF RI TAILINGS
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TABLE 5.2-6 POTENTIAL COMPOUNDS OF
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TABLE 5.51 SURFACE WATER AREA BACKG
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. . .. . . . .....-a .---.-I--u,. C
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TABLE 5.3-2 Aluminum Data Points, B
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TABLE 5.34 Beryllium Data Points. B
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TABLE 5.3-6 Chromium Data Points. B
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TABLE 5.34 lron Data Points. Backgr
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TABLE 5.3-10 Magnesium Data Points,
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TABLE 5.3-12 Selenium Data Points,
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TABLE 5.3-14 Zinc Data Points, Back
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TABLE 5.3-16 Statistical Summary -F
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TABLE 5.3-18 SUMMARY OF RI SURFACE
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h:\holden\drafi final nrpt\SS\TaMes
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TmLE 5.240 STATION RG2 AND P ROXW S
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TABLE 5.3-20 h:\holden\draft final
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TPBLE 5.3-21 STATION RCJ AHD PROXBS
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TABLE 5.3-21 SUMMARY OF RI WATER QU
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TABLE 5.3-24 SUMMARY OF SURFACE WAT
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h V~olden\draR final nrpt\S-5\Table
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TABLE 5.3-28 SUMMARY OF RI WATER QU
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TABLE 5.529 SUMMARY OF RI WATER QUA
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TABLE 5.3-30 SUMMARY OF RI PORTAL D
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TABLE 5.W1 SUMMPRY OF HISTORICAL WA
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TABLE 5.592 SUMMARY OF RI WATER QUA
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TABLE 5.3-35 TABLE 5.355 SUMMARY OF
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TABLE 5.358 SUMMARY OF WATER QUALIT
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n.\holden\draR Rnal r1rpt\S-5\tabIe
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TABLE 5.4-1 SUMMARY OF RI GROUNDWAT
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TABLE 5.4-1 SUMMARY OF Rl GROUNDWAT
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TABLE 5.4-2 SUMMARY OF RI SEEPAGE W
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TABLE 5.4-2 SUMMARY OF R1 SEEPAGE W
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TABLE 5.4-2 SUMHAW OF RI SEEPAGE WA
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TABLE 5.43 HlSTORlCAL SUMMARY OF GR
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TABLE 5.4-4 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF S
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TABLE 5.44 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF SE
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TABLE 5.44 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF MI
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TABLE 5.5-1 SUMWRY Of HISlORlcbl DA
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TABLE 5.5-2 SUMMARY OF FALL 1998 SE
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TABLE 5.61 SUWAARY OF 1997 FERRICRE
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D.7 D.8 SOURCE: Base map informatio
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Scale in Feet Irene Lode Figure 5.2
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i i Wilderness i I i I i I P.J i i
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Date -+-- Discharge (cfs) 4'- ~lumi
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DAMES & MOORE A oAW 6 MooRE GROUP C
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-+- pischarge (cfs) I t hardness 1
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-I Job NO. 17693-005-01 9 .----. Ma
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160 -.- May-Zinc --- September-Zinc
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SOURCE: Base map infomtim horn USFS
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D.8 D. 9 E.0 ..... E.2 E.3 E.4 a D.
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SOURCE. Base map information frwn U
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SOURCE: Base map inlomtim frwn USFS
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SOURCE: Base map inlbrmatim from US
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Approximate Scale in Feet DAMES & M
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LEGEND -- -A O Ferr~crete, floccule
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Subsection 6.4 presents general Sit
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.LXOdW RI WNId W@Md 11:V:6661 'LZ A
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snowmelt on the adjacent valley slo
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1XCH3d Ill I V N U ~ I l:O!6661 b ~
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63.1.1 Sulfide Mineral Oxidation Th
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a IXOdIM Ill WW UVXCI%M 11:P!6661 '
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Co-precipitation. Sorption. 633.1 D
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Eh Control on Preeipitation/Dissoln
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6.4.1 Evidence of Iron Sulfide Mine
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to the underground mine workings, r
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The pH to copper relationship (Figu
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' 6.5.1 Air and Water Movement Asso
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not originating h m the underground
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sulfate discharged from the portal
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decreases also, aiding in the disso
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West Waste Rock Pie, Mill Building,
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Mixing of Seeps with Railroad Creek
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through diffusion. This is indicate
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MINTEQA2 indicates that the seep wa
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In order to provide comparative flo
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main source of zinc load (82 percen
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source areas was estimated from flo
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Monitoring of seeps from drill hole
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(i.e., portal drainage) for cadmium
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Upstream of the tailings piles, sig
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Source controls reflect the differe
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a. H:\Holden\Draft TABLE 6.0-1 KEY
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i V'6 SZP C0'0 pea? t-38~0 sfiw i18
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Table 6.64 Loadlng Calculations - A
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Job NO. 17693-005-01 9 Draft Final
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1500 Ventilator Portal (Elev. 3454)
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Job NO. 17693-005-019 - - - - LEGEN
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SOURCE: SRK Oxidant I 2+ H+ SO 2+ +
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SOURCE: SRK DWVES & MOORE A oAW 6 M
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SOURCE: SRK Trace elements are co-p
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J O NO. ~ 17693-005-019 10000 -f 0
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DAMES & MOORE A DAMES 6 MOORE GROUP
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10 -1: - I e@ i ! 1 I 1 -1 i --- I
Page 725 and 726:
I * pi-- Tailings Pile 1 Tailings P
Page 728 and 729: DAMES & MOORE A DAMES a MOORE GROUP
Page 730 and 731: DAMES & MOORE A DAMES 6 MOORE GROUP
Page 732 and 733: SOURCES: SRK H Flushing Reduced Som
Page 734 and 735: SOURCES: SRK 'nfi""On Limited Air M
Page 736 and 737: Figure 6.5-5 DAMES & MOORE 1997 POR
Page 739 and 740: SOURCE: Base map information from U
Page 741 and 742: SOURCE: SRK Oxidation limit Mn++ Fe
Page 743: Direct Precipitation IXMES & MOORE
Page 746 and 747: Infiltration of Snowmelt and Interm
Page 748 and 749: Notes: Water Runon and Direct Preci
Page 750 and 751: Surface Water Runon and Direct Prec
Page 752 and 753: SOURCE: SRK L DAMES ,& MOORE A DAME
Page 754 and 755: SOURCE: SRK 10 -i DAMES & MOORE + H
Page 756 and 757: (* 6.0 TRANSPORT AND FATE OF COMPOU
Page 758 and 759: 1 I .J Quartz-rich layeis of 40 per
Page 760 and 761: Crystalline crusts were observed in
Page 762 and 763: I ( 4. -.- h .*, Evidence of signif
Page 764 and 765: Predicted saturation indices (SI) f
Page 766 and 767: Another iron sulfide mineral at the
Page 768 and 769: . .. . .I.- ..9 6 If water flow is
Page 770 and 771: pH Control on Precipitation~Dissolu
Page 772 and 773: summer. Efflorescence occurs when w
Page 774 and 775: 6.4.1 Evidence of Iron Sulfide Mine
Page 776 and 777: to the underground mine workings, r
Page 780 and 781: 6.5.1 Air and Water Movement Associ
Page 782 and 783: .._/ not originating from the under
Page 784 and 785: ,' sulfate discharged from the port
Page 786 and 787: decreases also, aiding in the disso
Page 788 and 789: .: ._..I $ . .,'. Seasonal s , - We
Page 790 and 791: . ., Miring of Seeps with Railroad
Page 792 and 793: through diffusion. This is indicate
Page 794 and 795: MlNTEQA2 indicates that the seep wa
Page 796 and 797: In order to. provide comparative fl
Page 798 and 799: main source of zinc load (82 percen
Page 800 and 801: ,:..' -- . source areas was estimat
Page 802 and 803: Monitoring of seeps from drill hole
Page 804 and 805: ,' .... . control and buffering by
Page 806 and 807: , ; . ..' , . .. .. -. . ..&. .< .
Page 808 and 809: -- (i,e., portal drainage) for cadm
Page 810 and 811: TABLE 6.0-1 KEY OF SITE FEATURES 8
Page 816 and 817: T.bk abi Losding WNlatlons - R d W
Page 818 and 819: TABLE 6.6-3 LOADING CALCULATIONS -
Page 820 and 821: J O NO. ~ 17693-005-019 Draft Final
Page 824 and 825: Approximate -1 % Grade for 15OPLeve
Page 826 and 827: LEGEND SP14 Seep sample location P-
Page 828 and 829:
Oxidant I ZnS H20 (transport mechan
Page 830:
Figure 6.3-4a I SOURCE: SRK Figure
Page 835 and 836:
0 RC 1 0 RC4 A RC7 X RC2 0 RC5 Tail
Page 837 and 838:
0 RC 1 0 RC4 A RC7 X RC2 0 RC5 Tail
Page 839 and 840:
0 RC 1 RC4 A RC7 X RC2 0 RC5 Tailin
Page 841 and 842:
1000 -: 0 RC 1 RC4 A RC7 X RC2 0 RC
Page 843:
P A DAMES MOORE GROUP COMPANY ' + 0
Page 846 and 847:
I ARC7 XRC 2 I I ORC5. Tailings Pil
Page 848 and 849:
ORC 1 ORC 4 ARC 7 XRC2 ORC 5 Tailin
Page 850:
SOURCES: SRK Northwest Geophpysrcal
Page 853 and 854:
Date Figure 6.5-5 DAMES & MOORE 199
Page 855 and 856:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 857 and 858:
0 Acidity Addition Water Runon end
Page 859:
SOURCE: SRK Oxidation limit Mn++ Fe
Page 862 and 863:
In~Vtratim to Grwndwater . Base of
Page 864:
Note: Some flow lost into plane of
Page 868:
Approximate Scale in Feet SOURCE: O
Page 871 and 872:
SOURCE: SRK 1 L 'i +- Holden P-5 (B
Page 873 and 874:
7.0 BASELINE RISK ASSESSMENT Both a
Page 875 and 876:
7.1.1.2 Site-Specific Human Health
Page 877 and 878:
Surface Water Historic and 1997-199
Page 879 and 880:
environment. IHSs were selected for
Page 881 and 882:
Railroad Creek can be utilized by v
Page 883 and 884:
Exposure Routes expected to be redu
Page 885 and 886:
and the USFS guard station. Holden
Page 887 and 888:
No Method A levels are available fo
Page 889 and 890:
7.133 Screening Level Evaluation of
Page 891 and 892:
they are not expected to present an
Page 893 and 894:
Sediment Railroad Creek and Site Hi
Page 895 and 896:
the ventilator portal drainage is n
Page 897 and 898:
are based on different mechanistic
Page 899 and 900:
Selection of.Target Risk and Hazard
Page 901 and 902:
Noncarcinogens: Inhalation of Air w
Page 903 and 904:
where: PEF = Particulate emission f
Page 905 and 906:
arsenic in the USFS guard station s
Page 907 and 908:
Use of toxicity criteria (CPFs and
Page 909 and 910:
7.1.5.4 Surface Water and Fish Surf
Page 911 and 912:
identify dismbutions of compounds o
Page 913 and 914:
most abundant species in Railroad C
Page 915 and 916:
mechanisms, PCOCs originating from
Page 917 and 918:
copper, lead, and zinc is shown in
Page 919 and 920:
Measurement Endpoints Measurement e
Page 921 and 922:
to the extrapolation to low hardnes
Page 923 and 924:
concentration that contains the bio
Page 925 and 926:
Lupinus bicolor, and Trijolium praf
Page 927 and 928:
Although certain benthic invertebra
Page 929 and 930:
estimated from the available liver
Page 931 and 932:
of between a low of 34 ha. for does
Page 933 and 934:
Little Brown Bat The little brown b
Page 935 and 936:
Since none of the UCL concentration
Page 937 and 938:
, Hazard quotients for osprey consu
Page 939 and 940:
appropriate metric for protection o
Page 941 and 942:
Table 7.2.4-1 1A shows that red-tai
Page 943 and 944:
7.2.5 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY Limita
Page 945 and 946:
laboratory studies to field exposur
Page 947 and 948:
I I tailings piles difficult. Likew
Page 949 and 950:
other mine sites where plants &re s
Page 951 and 952:
TABLE 7.0-1 . KEY OF SITE FEATURES
Page 953 and 954:
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
' TABLE 7.18 STATISTICAL ANALYSJS A
Page 959 and 960:
TABLE 7.14 STAnSTlCAL EVALUATION AN
Page 961 and 962:
TABLE 7.14 STATISTICAL EVALUATION A
Page 963 and 964:
TABLE 7.14 STATISTICAL EVALUATION A
Page 965 and 966:
TABLE 7.14 COMPARISON OF SEDIMENTAR
Page 967 and 968:
H:Wolden\Drafl final ri rpt\S-7\Hhr
Page 969 and 970:
TABLE 7.14 SURFACE WATER AREA BACKG
Page 971 and 972:
H.Wolden\drafl final rirpt\S-7WhraU
Page 973 and 974:
TABLE 7.1-E SURFACE WATER AREA BACK
Page 975:
TABLE T.1-F STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AN
Page 978 and 979:
TABLE 7.1 -F STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A
Page 980:
H.Wolden\dratl hnal rirpnsrpns7Whra
Page 983 and 984:
TABLE 7.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND
Page 985 and 986:
Page 987 and 988:
TABLE 7.144 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AN
Page 989 and 990:
Page 991 and 992:
TABLE 7.144 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AN
Page 993 and 994:
Xluo sanlm pawlap uo paseq aJe suo!
Page 995 and 996:
TABLE 7.14 STAllSllCM ANALYSIS AND
Page 997 and 998:
TABLE 7.1 J MSTORKM AJR MONITORING
Page 999 and 1000:
TABLE 7.1-1 AREA AND NATURAL BACKGR
Page 1002 and 1003:
TABLE 7.1-4 TOXICITY CRITERIA AND B
Page 1004 and 1005:
TABLE 7.14 HUMAN HEALTH SCREENING O
Page 1006 and 1007:
TABLE 7.14 HUMAN HEALTH SCREENING O
Page 1008 and 1009:
TABLE 7.1-10 HUMAN HEALTH SCREENING
Page 1011 and 1012:
Page 1013 and 1014:
TABLE 7.1-15 HUMN HEALTH SCREENING
Page 1015 and 1016:
Page 1017 and 1018:
Page 1019 and 1020:
TABLE 7.1 -21 HUMAN HEALTH SCREENIN
Page 1021 and 1022:
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
Page 1027 and 1028:
TABLE 7.1-29 HUMANHEALTHSCREENINGOF
Page 1029:
Page 1032 and 1033:
Page 1034 and 1035:
TABLE 7.1-36 EXPOSURE PATHWAYS AND
Page 1036 and 1037:
TABLE 7.1 -38 TOXICITY CRITERIA AND
Page 1038 and 1039:
TABLE 7.1.40 SITE-SPECIFIC METHOD C
Page 1040 and 1041:
TABLE 7.142 CALCUIATION OF CANCER R
Page 1042 and 1043:
Constituent Aluminum Arsenic Acute
Page 1044 and 1045:
Constituent Chromium Copper Acute T
Page 1046 and 1047:
Constituent Selenium Zinc Gasoline
Page 1048 and 1049:
TABLE 7.2.2-1A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Page 1050 and 1051:
H.\Holden\Draft final ri rpt\S_7\ec
Page 1052 and 1053:
TABLE 7.2.2-162 STATISnCAL ANALYSIS
Page 1054 and 1055:
TABLE 7.2.2-1C COMPARISON OF TOTAL
Page 1056 and 1057:
TABLE 7.2.2-1C =b COMPARISON OF SED
Page 1058 and 1059:
'a TABLE I 7.2.2-1D SUMMARY OF RI F
Page 1060 and 1061:
TABLE 7.2.2-1E STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Page 1062 and 1063:
TABLE 7.2.2-1F STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Page 1064 and 1065:
Page 1066 and 1067:
Page 1068 and 1069:
TABLE 7.22-1G STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Page 1070 and 1071:
TABLE 7.22-10 STAT~SMAL ANALYSIS AN
Page 1072 and 1073:
- - -. TABLE 7.2.2-1H STATISTICAL A
Page 1074 and 1075:
TABLE 7.2.2-1H STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Page 1076 and 1077:
TABLE 7.2.2-1 H STATISTICAL ANALYSI
Page 1078 and 1079:
TABLE 7.2.2-1H STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Page 1080 and 1081:
TABLE 7.2.2-2 (CONTINUED) SPECIES O
Page 1082 and 1083:
TABLE 7.2.2-4 SUMMARY OF REPRESENTA
Page 1084 and 1085:
TABLE 7.2.3-1B RESULTS OF PEER-REVI
Page 1086 and 1087:
TABLE 7.2.3-2B RESULTS OF PEER-REVI
Page 1088 and 1089:
TABLE 7.2.3-3B SOIL CONCENTRATIONS
Page 1090 and 1091:
, TABLE 7.2.3-4B TOXICITY REFERENCE
Page 1092 and 1093:
" Metal C Atscnic Cadmium Copper Le
Page 1094 and 1095:
TABLE 7.2.3-8 DOSES TO OSPREY CONSU
Page 1096 and 1097:
Biota Plants Cd Cu Pb Zn Earthworms
Page 1098 and 1099:
TABLE 7.2.3-12 DOSES TO MULE DEER H
Page 1100 and 1101:
TABLE 7.2.3-14 DOSES TO MINK CONSUM
Page 1102 and 1103:
TABLE 7.2.3-16 DOSES TO RED-TAILED
Page 1104 and 1105:
TABLE 7.2.3-18 DOSES TO BAT HOLDEN
Page 1106 and 1107:
TABLE 7.2.4-2a HAZARD QUOTIENTS FOR
Page 1108 and 1109:
TABLE 7.2.4-2D a HAZARD QUOTIENTS F
Page 1110 and 1111:
TABLE 7.2.4-4 HAZARD QUOTIENTS FOR
Page 1112 and 1113:
Page 1114 and 1115:
Page 1116 and 1117:
TABLE 7.2.4-10a HAZARD QUOTIENTS FO
Page 1118 and 1119:
TABLE 7.2.4-12a HAZARD QUOTIENTS FO
Page 1120 and 1121:
TABLE 7.2.4-14 HAZARD QUOTIENTS FOR
Page 1122 and 1123:
Figure 7.0-2 HDA~VE~~LMOORE RAILROA
Page 1124 and 1125:
I SOURCE RELEASE EXPOSURE . MECHANI
Page 1126 and 1127:
MEDIA FIGURE 7.1-3 FLOW CHART ILLUS
Page 1128 and 1129:
I I 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.0 DISCUSSION
Page 1130 and 1131:
8.2.2 Geology 8.2.2.1 Railroad Cree
Page 1132 and 1133:
The bedrock in the mine has been ma
Page 1134 and 1135:
Railroad Creek and Copper Creek. Th
Page 1136 and 1137:
where Railroad Creek flows directly
Page 1138 and 1139:
A 500-year event was not analyzed,
Page 1140 and 1141:
i flow associated with two seeps ad
Page 1142 and 1143:
Western Portion of Site Undermound
Page 1144 and 1145:
native soil is of higher permeabili
Page 1146 and 1147:
Macroinvertebrate sampling included
Page 1148 and 1149:
Above Tenmile Creek Confluence (RC-
Page 1150 and 1151:
Reference Reaches - Stehekin River
Page 1152 and 1153:
3 during the 1997 investigation ind
Page 1154 and 1155:
Subsurface Soils Cadmium, copper, a
Page 1156 and 1157:
Station' RC-4 RC-7 RC-2 RC-5 RC-10
Page 1158 and 1159:
8.3.4.1 Western Portion of Site Dur
Page 1160 and 1161:
0 mine, Honeymoon Heights, the wast
Page 1162 and 1163:
I . During The water from the west
Page 1164 and 1165:
a The Copper Creek diversion accoun
Page 1166 and 1167:
8.5.2.1 Trout An intem~ediate poten
Page 1168 and 1169:
i SOURCE: Walten et al., 1992 USGS
Page 1170 and 1171:
Page 1172 and 1173:
NOTE: This cross section is general
Page 1174 and 1175:
D.7 D. 8 D. 9 E.0 SOURCE: Base map
Page 1176 and 1177:
9.2.2 Site Surface WaterIGroundwate
Page 1178 and 1179:
9.2.4.1 Portal Drainage The chemica
Page 1180 and 1181:
Groundwater discharge from the tail
Page 1182 and 1183:
The combined results of the ERA and
Page 1184 and 1185:
9.2.11 . Winston Home Sites Fuel St
Page 1186 and 1187:
SOURCE: USGS Topographic Map, State
Page 1189 and 1190:
Page 1191 and 1192:
10.0 PROJECT SCHEDULE The, schedule
Page 1193 and 1194:
I ATSDR. 1990. Toxicological profil
Page 1195 and 1196:
Dames & Moore, 1998b. Phase I11 Rem
Page 1197 and 1198:
Ebbutt,%F. 1956. Letter Report to V
Page 1199 and 1200:
';i 1 Products, Shale-oils and Soot
Page 1201 and 1202:
Leland, H.V. and J.L. Carter. 1984.
Page 1203 and 1204:
I Pacific Northwest Laboratory. 199
Page 1205 and 1206:
Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M. and Arango
Page 1207 and 1208:
U.S. EnvirOnmcntal Protection Agenc
Page 1209 and 1210:
U.S.n.>.,. .F(zxli,st S::a;ice.. 19
Page 1211:
l#e~ehat~ihi& ~ati'onsi '~ol'c!en.~
Page 1214 and 1215:
7 MEMORANDUM Date: To: From: Subjec
Page 1216 and 1217:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Samp
Page 1218 and 1219:
Page 1220 and 1221:
G CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY RECORD WHITE COP
Page 1222 and 1223:
June 15, 1998 Surface Water, May 19
Page 1224 and 1225:
Page 1226 and 1227:
Page 1228 and 1229:
Page 1230 and 1231:
I INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET TO
Page 1232 and 1233:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Synp
Page 1234 and 1235:
Page 1236 and 1237:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET TOTA
Page 1238 and 1239:
- INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Sa
Page 1240 and 1241:
Page 1242 and 1243:
Page 1244 and 1245:
Page 1246 and 1247:
Page 1248 and 1249:
TOTAL METALS Lab Sample ID: W219AH
Page 1250 and 1251:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET - DI
Page 1252 and 1253:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET DISS
Page 1254 and 1255:
INORGANICS 'ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Sam
Page 1256 and 1257:
Page 1258 and 1259:
Page 1260 and 1261:
Page 1262 and 1263:
Page 1264 and 1265:
Page 1266 and 1267:
Page 1268 and 1269:
Page 1270 and 1271:
Page 1272 and 1273:
Page 1274 and 1275:
IKOXGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Lab
Page 1276 and 1277:
Final Report Laboratory Analysis of
Page 1278 and 1279:
Page 1280 and 1281:
QA Report - Method Blank Analyeis Q
Page 1282 and 1283:
QA Report - Matrix Spike/~atrix Spi
Page 1284 and 1285:
QA Report - Standard Reference Mate
Page 1286 and 1287:
@ TOTAL GASOLINE RANGE HYDROCARBONS
Page 1288 and 1289:
TOTAL DIESEL RANGE HYDROCARBONS WA
Page 1290 and 1291:
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY RECORD , > >~LINQU
Page 1292 and 1293:
Page 1294 and 1295:
Sample No: RC-2 Lab .Sample ID: W21
Page 1296 and 1297:
@ QA Report - Replicate Analysis QC
Page 1298 and 1299:
QA Report - Laboratory Control Samp
Page 1300 and 1301:
TOTAL GASOLINE RANGE HYDROCARBONS w
Page 1302 and 1303:
TOTAL DIESEL RANGE HYDROCARBONS TPH
Page 1304 and 1305:
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY RECORD WHITE COPY-
Page 1306 and 1307:
Page 1308 and 1309:
June 8,1998 Seep and Portal, May 19
Page 1310 and 1311:
June 8, 1998 Seep and Portal, May 1
Page 1312 and 1313:
1 DISSOLVED METALS Lab Sample ID: W
Page 1314 and 1315:
Page 1316 and 1317:
Page 1318 and 1319:
Page 1320 and 1321:
Page 1322 and 1323:
Page 1324 and 1325:
I a INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
Page 1326 and 1327:
Page 1328 and 1329:
Page 1330 and 1331:
.I.V. Lots 869-6 and 867-12 Lab Sam
Page 1332 and 1333:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET DISS
Page 1334 and 1335:
TOTAL METALS Lab Sample ID: W222C L
Page 1336 and 1337:
METALS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET DISSOLVE
Page 1338 and 1339:
Sample No: P-1 Lab Sample ID: W222A
Page 1340 and 1341:
Sample No: VP-1 Lab Sample ID: W222
Page 1342 and 1343:
Page 1344 and 1345:
Final Report Laboratcrf Analysis of
Page 1346 and 1347:
Final Report Laboratory Analysie of
Page 1348 and 1349:
4D QA Report - Replicate Analysis Q
Page 1350 and 1351:
e QA Report - Laboratory Control Sa
Page 1352 and 1353:
Sample No: SP-27 Lab Sample ID: W26
Page 1354 and 1355:
QC Report No: W264-Dames & Moore Ma
Page 1356 and 1357:
QA Report - Standard Reference Mate
Page 1358 and 1359:
Page 1360 and 1361:
a,, MEMORANDUM Date: June 8,1998 To
Page 1362 and 1363:
June 8, 1998 Equipment Blank, May 1
Page 1364 and 1365:
Page 1366 and 1367:
Page 1368 and 1369:
MEMORANDUM Date: June 15,1998 To: R
Page 1370 and 1371:
. June 15,1998 Low Level Lead, May
Page 1372 and 1373:
" QC Summary for Dames and Moore Re
Page 1374 and 1375:
I fa I / - Froi~tler Geosciences In
Page 1376 and 1377:
Date: To: From: Subject: June 25, 1
Page 1378 and 1379:
June 25, 1998 Ventilator Portal, Ju
Page 1380 and 1381:
Page 1382 and 1383:
. Lab ' INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SH
Page 1384 and 1385:
Page 1386 and 1387:
December 1 1, 1998 Sediment Data, F
Page 1388 and 1389:
December 1 1, 1998 Sediment Data, F
Page 1390 and 1391:
Page 1392 and 1393:
Page 1394 and 1395:
Page 1396 and 1397:
' INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEW Sam
Page 1398 and 1399:
Page 1400 and 1401:
e. INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET S
Page 1402 and 1403:
Page 1404 and 1405:
Page 1406 and 1407:
Page 1408 and 1409:
INORQANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Samp
Page 1410 and 1411:
@ INORGANIC ANALYSIS DATA SHEET TOT
Page 1412 and 1413:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHBBT Samp
Page 1414 and 1415:
Page 1416 and 1417:
a Final Report Laboratory Analysis
Page 1418 and 1419:
0 Final Report Laboratory Analysie
Page 1420 and 1421:
a - Final Report Laboratory Analyei
Page 1422 and 1423:
Final Report Laboratory Analyeis of
Page 1424 and 1425:
a; Organic 3. - ., Final Report Lab
Page 1426 and 1427:
-. Final Report Laboratory Analysis
Page 1428 and 1429:
Final Report Laboratory Analyeis of
Page 1430 and 1431:
Final Report Laboratory Analyeie of
Page 1432 and 1433:
, @: Final Report Laboratory Analys
Page 1434 and 1435:
: QA Report - Method Blank Analyeie
Page 1436 and 1437:
QA Report - Matrix Spikq/Matrix Spi
Page 1438 and 1439:
Data Release Authorized: Reported:
Page 1440 and 1441:
Rosa Environmental and ~eechnlcal L
Page 1442 and 1443:
ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL & GEOTECHNICAL L
Page 1444 and 1445:
4 ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL & GEOTECHNICAL
Page 1446 and 1447:
Page 1448 and 1449:
f ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL & GEOTECHNICAL
Page 1450 and 1451:
Page 1452 and 1453:
Page 1454 and 1455:
ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL 8 GEOTECHNICAL L
Page 1456 and 1457:
-1m , ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL 8 GEOTECHN
Page 1458 and 1459:
ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL.& GEOTECHNICAL L
Page 1460 and 1461:
-. JII I I ROSA ENVIRONMENTAL & GEO
Page 1462 and 1463:
Matrlx I 1 Chain of Custody Record
Page 1464 and 1465:
main ot ~ustody Record Lake Washing
Page 1466 and 1467:
Chain of Custody Record 5 Parametrl
Page 1468 and 1469:
July 2, 1999 Sediment Data, Fall 19
Page 1470 and 1471:
INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SKBBT Samp
Page 1472 and 1473:
MEMORANDUM Date: December 8, 1998 T
Page 1474 and 1475:
1 Dccember 8, 1998 Background Soil
Page 1476 and 1477:
I INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Sa
Page 1478 and 1479:
* INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Sa
Page 1480 and 1481:
Page 1482 and 1483:
a , INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
Page 1484 and 1485:
' @, INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
Page 1486 and 1487:
Page 1488 and 1489:
Page 1490 and 1491:
Page 1492 and 1493:
Page 1494 and 1495:
0 INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Sa
Page 1496 and 1497:
0 INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET Sa
Page 1498 and 1499:
Page 1500 and 1501:
' 0 INORGANICS ANALYSIS DATA SHEET
Page 1502 and 1503:
INORGANIC ANALYSIS DATA SHEET ' TOT
Page 1505 and 1506:
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY RECORD >*" WHITE C
Page 1507 and 1508:
December 8, 1998 Lagoon Soil Sample
Page 1509 and 1510:
December 8, 1998 Lagoon Soil sample
Page 1511 and 1512:
Page 1513 and 1514:
Page 1515 and 1516:
Page 1517 and 1518:
Page 1519 and 1520:
Page 1521 and 1522:
Page 1523 and 1524:
Page 1525 and 1526:
Page 1527 and 1528:
Page 1529 and 1530:
Page 1531 and 1532:
DAMES & MOORE . A DAMES a MOORE GRo
Page 1533 and 1534:
G:\WPDATA\OOS\REPORTSWOLDEN-2WTable
Page 1535:
lnlilling - Emer qpqwktc a&r&iax fm
Page 1539 and 1540:
ROCK SRUCTURAL DATA FIELDSHEET JOB
Page 1541 and 1542:
; Comparisons RC-1' RC-4" IogRC-1'
Page 1543 and 1544:
G:\WPDATA\OOJ\REPORTSWOLDEN-ZWTable
Page 1545 and 1546:
' AXA WSECTA Capni idee Despaxia au
Page 1547 and 1548:
WCROINVERTEBRATE DENSITY CLIENT: DA
Page 1549 and 1550:
'MA Capni idae Dormria baunerni Meg
Page 1551 and 1552:
MCROINVERTEBRATE DENSITY CLIENT: DA
Page 1553 and 1554:
UCROINVERTEBRATE DENSITY CLIENT: DA
Page 1555 and 1556:
MACROINVERTEBRATE DENSITY CLIENT: D
Page 1557 and 1558:
m TR'CHOPTEiU lUCROlNVERTEBRATE DEY
Page 1559 and 1560:
Dugesfa sp. Polycelis cormeta Mid.
Page 1561 and 1562:
MACROINVERTEBRATE DENSITY CLIENT: O
Page 1563 and 1564:
Vial Number Order Taxa Site E-8 Eph
Page 1565 and 1566:
Slide Number DM 1097- 1 DM 1097- 1
Page 1567:
@ August 11,1997 Linda Krippner Dam
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Dames & Moore, 1999 - USDA Forest Service

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