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Chequamegon-‐Nicolet National Forest Watershed Vulnerability Assessment, Eastern Region (R9) Additional research should be conducted regarding the thermal requirements and tolerance of cool water fish, to better clarify their vulnerability to warming and potential management options. This work should be supported by the CNNF and US Forest Service. The CNNF stream segment classification system should be used to better identify existing cool water stream habitat. The CNNF should continue to (1) implement best management practices for water quality, (2) practice sound watershed management, and (3) restore streams (e.g. properly replace stream crossings that impound water or prevent fish passage, restore streams impacted by log drives, manage beaver in critical habitat) to improve their resilience to climate change impacts. The CNNF should also continue to monitor stream temperatures across a variety of stream types to (1), gather year round temperature data, (2) provide up-to-date data on current stream temperatures, (3) more accurately identify vulnerable streams, (4) establish trends in stream temperature, and (5) facilitate more accurate modeling of response to climate change. REFERENCES Boelter, D.H. and E.S. Verry. 1977. Peatland and Water in the northern Lake States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-31, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, 22 p. Brooks, K.N., S.Y. Lu and T.V.W. McAdams. 1995. User Manual for Peatland Hydrologic Impact Model (PHIM), Version 4. College of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, 150 p. Dripps, W.R. and K.R. Bradbury, K.R.. 2007. A simple daily soil-water balance model for estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in temperate humid areas. J. of Hydrogeology 15: 433-444. Eggers, S.D. and D.M. Reed. 1987. Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin. US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, St. Paul, MN, 201 p. Guertin, D.P., P.K. Barten and K.N. Brooks. 1987. The Peatland Hydrologic Impact Model: Development and Testing. Nordic Hydrology 18, p. 79-100. Hawkinson, C.F. and E.S. Verry. 1975. Specific Conductance Identifies Perched and Ground Water Lakes. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-120, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, 5 p. Lyons, J., J. S. Stewart and M. Mitro. 2010. Predicted effects of climate warming on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A. J. of Fish Biology 77:1867-1898. McAdams, T.V., K.N. Brooks and E.S. Verry. 1993. Modeling Water Table Response to Climate Change in a Northern Minnesota Peatland. In: Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems Symposium, July 21-23, 1993, ASCE, Park City, Utah, p. 358-365. Urie, Dean. 1977. Groundwater differences on pine and hardwoods forests of the Udell Experimental Forest in Michigan. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-145, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, 12 p. 264 Assessing the Vulnerability of Watersheds to Climate Change
Chequamegon-‐Nicolet National Forest Watershed Vulnerability Assessment, Eastern Region (R9) USDA Forest Service. 2008. Stream Simulation: An Ecological Approach to Providing Passage for Aquatic Organisms at Road-Stream Crossings. USDA Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program, 7700 Transportation Management, 0877 1801-SDTDC, 646 p. USDA Forest Service. 2004. Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forests, 2004 Land and Resource Management Plan. Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, R9-CN-FP, 500 Hanson Lake Road, Rhinelander, WI 54501. US Geological Survey and US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2009. Federal guidelines, requirements, and procedures for the national Watershed Boundary Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 11–A3, 55 p. Walker, J.F. and W.R Krug. 2003. Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams. US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 03-4250, 37 p. Westenbroek, Kelson, Dripps, Hunt and Bradbury. 2010. SWB-A modified Thornthwaite-Mather Soil Water Balance code for estimating groundwater recharge. US Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A31, 60 p. 265 Assessing the Vulnerability of Watersheds to Climate Change
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AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Authors* M
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ASSESSSING THE VULNERABILITY OF WAT
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staff; the task group included repr
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Figure 2. Conceptual model for asse
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Figure 3. Density of springs and sm
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Using Historic Data One finding con
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NF (Region 8) relied on information
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level of uncertainty. Though there
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climate (Casola et al. 2005). Only
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sensitivity. Most were derived from
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The sensitivity evaluation typicall
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in exposure. The result of combinin
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highest priority for management act
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to information affected the assessm
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with and rely on in many resource d
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Pilot National Forest Reports Conte
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Assessment of Watershed Vulnerabili
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Gallatin National Forest Watershed
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Helena National Forest Watershed Vu
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Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunniso
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White River National Forest Watersh
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Coconino National Forest Watershed
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Sawtooth National Forest Watershed
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Shasta Trinity National Forest Wate
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Umatilla National Forest Watershed
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