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sxvisTvis ziani ar mieyenebina. swored amgvarad aris saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi
sakuTrebis Sinaarsi mocemuli. kerZod, sk-is 170-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mesakuTres SeuZlia, kanonismieri
an sxvagvari, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da
sargeblobdes qonebiT (nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargos
igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, anda, Tu es moqmedeba ar
warmoadgens uflebis borotad gamoyenebas. uflebis borotad gamoyenebad CaiTvleba sakuTrebiT
iseTi sargebloba, romliTac mxolod sxvebs adgebaT ziani ise, rom ar aris gamokveTili
mesakuTris interesis upiratesoba da misi moqmedebis aucilebloba gaumarTlebelia. imis Sesabamisad,
rom sakuTreba moicavs ara mxolod mesakuTris uflebas, aramed mis movaleobasac sxvaTa
mimarT, germanul samoqalaqo samarTlis mecnierebaSi damkvidrda sakuTrebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis gagebac. 3 sxvaTa Soris, sabWoTa samarTlis mixedviTac, sakuTreba ganimarteboda,
rogorc pirTa Soris urTierToba nivTebis Taobaze. 4
gansxvavebulad aris gagebuli sakuTreba saerTo samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi. aq ZiriTadad,
arsebobs sakuTrebis gagebis ori koncefcia. erTi koncefcia sakuTrebas ganixilavs, rogorc
nivTebs (realur (materialur) da ararealur (aramaterialur) nivTebs), xolo meore (romelic
ufro daxvewil Sexedulebad iTvleba) _ rogorc urTierTobebs. 5 kerZod, sakuTrebis uflebis
rigi komponentebi, rac kontinenturi evropis samarTlisaTvis, uSualod sakuTrebis uflebis
Semadgeneli nawilia, saerTo samarTalis sistemaSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis sferos ganekuTvneba.
aq sakuTrebis gageba, uaxlovdeba sakuTrebis ekonomikur Sinaars, mis ekonomikur
gagebas. 6
cxadia, sakuTrebis uflebas aqvs Tavisi obieqtebi. es aris nivTebi. Cveni kanonmdebloba niv-
Tebs yofs moZrav da uZrav nivTebad (samarTlis literaturasa da zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi
arsebobs nivTebis klasifikaciis sxva variantebic). rogorc cnobilia, nivTebis dayofa
moZrav da uZrav nivTebad, romis samarTlidan momdinareobs. 7 tradiciulad nivTebTan mimar-
TebaSi, Tavisi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda uZravi
nivTebis sakiTxs. miuxedavad didi sxvaobisa, saerTo samarTlis sistema da kontinenturi evropis
samarTlis sistema Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom miwa sakuTrebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani obieqtia. 8
uZravi qonebis ganmartebis ZiriTad qvakuTxeds miwa warmoadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom
sakuTrebis uflebidan uZravi qonebis ganmartebis sakiTxs memkvidreobiT ergo garkveuli
sirTuleebi. samarTlis literaturaSi uZrav qonebas miakuTvneben nivTebs, romelic `uZravia
Tavisi bunebiT~ (immovable by nature) da nivTebs, romelic `uZravia Tavisi daniSnulebis ZaliT~
(immovable by destination). 9 pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saubaria miwasTan myari kavSiris principze, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi, es kavSiri SeiZleba fizikuri TvalsazrisiT, droebiTi da aramyaric iyos. am
ukanasknelis magaliTia italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romlis 812-e muxlis mixedviT, uZrav
qonebas miwis, wyaroebis, mdinareebis, xeebis da Senoba nagebobebis garda miakuTvneben yvelafers,
rac dakavSirebulia miwasTan bunebrivi an xelovnuri gziT, maSinac ki, Tu es kavSiri droebiTia.
italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi amgvar nivTebad miiCnevs wisqvilebs, abanoebs da yvela obieqts,
romelic mdebareobs wylis zedapirze da mudmivad (xangrZlivad) dakavSirebulia napirTan. 10
kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi adgili aqvs imgvar praqtikasac, rom moZrav nivTs
SeiZleba saerTod ar hqondes kavSiri miwasTan, magram iuridiuli fiqciis wyalobiT SeiZleba
CaiTvalos uZravad, Tu is aseTad iqneba registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi (uZravi qonebis maregistrirebel
Sesabamis organoSi), magaliTad, sahaero an sazRvao xomaldi. 11 Tumca, italiis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 812-e muxls Tu moviSveliebT, maSin sazRvao xomaldi isedac uZrav qonebad
unda CaiTvalos im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre napirTan (miwaze) iqneba mimagrebuli (cxadia,
italiis kanonmdeblobis pozicias Tu gaviziarebdiT, amgvari `uZravi nivTis~ registraciis
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