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35754-Revista FCDEF - Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do ...

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ção <strong>da</strong> quali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong> coor<strong>de</strong>nação intersegmentar <strong>do</strong>s diferentes<br />

músculos envolvi<strong>do</strong>s, <strong>da</strong><strong>do</strong> que a energia cinética transmiti<strong>da</strong> a<br />

partir <strong>da</strong>s articulações proximais é uma fonte fun<strong>da</strong>mental para<br />

o aumento <strong>da</strong> veloci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>do</strong> lançamento.<br />

4. Nos lançamentos a optimização <strong>do</strong> ciclo muscular alongamento/encurtamento<br />

é um factor que concorre para aumentar a<br />

potência <strong>de</strong> contracção, nomea<strong>da</strong>mente <strong>do</strong>s músculos responsáveis<br />

pela aceleração <strong>do</strong> braço. É por isso importante no futuro<br />

caracterizar, para ca<strong>da</strong> tipo <strong>de</strong> lançamento, o respectivo ciclo<br />

muscular alongamento/encurtamento nas dimensões duração,<br />

amplitu<strong>de</strong> e veloci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />

Bibliografia<br />

BUCKLEY, J., & KERWIN, D. (1988). The role of the biceps<br />

and triceps brachii during tennis serving. Ergonomics 31:<br />

1621-1629.<br />

CORCOS, D. et al. (1990). Organizing principles un<strong>de</strong>rlying<br />

skill acquisition. In JM Winters & SL-Y Woo (Eds.) Multiple<br />

Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and movement organization. New<br />

York: Springer-Verlag, 251-267.<br />

COUTINHO, C. et al. (2003). EMG patterns of the upper limb<br />

muscles in the first (flat) and second (topspin) serve of a top<br />

player. In M. Crespo et al. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 13 th<br />

International Training Fe<strong>de</strong>ration Worldwi<strong>de</strong> Coaches Workshop.<br />

Vilamoura, 150.<br />

ELLIOTT, B. et al. (1995). Contribution of upper limb segment<br />

rotations during the power serve in tennis. Journal of Applied<br />

Biomechanics 11: 433-442.<br />

GOWAN, I. et al. (1987). A comparative electromyographic<br />

analysis of the shoul<strong>de</strong>r during pitching. The American Journal<br />

of Sports Medicine 15: 586-590.<br />

ITO, A. et al. (1995). Three dimensional kinematic analysis of<br />

the upper limb joint in tennis flat serving. In K. Hakkinen et<br />

al. (Eds.) Book of Abstracts <strong>do</strong> XVth Congress of the ISBS.<br />

Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla, 424-425.<br />

MIYASHITA, M. et al. (1980). Muscular activities in the tennis<br />

serve and overhand throwing. Scandinavian Journal of Sports<br />

Sciences 2: 52-58.<br />

PEZARAT-CORREIA, P. et al. (1995a). The triphasic EMG pattern<br />

on elbow ballistic extension during a throwing task. In<br />

K. De Meirler (Ed.) Book of Abstracts of the I Congress of the<br />

European Association of Sports Medicine (EURASM). Bruxelas:<br />

Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 39.<br />

PEZARAT-CORREIA, P. et al. (1995b). The modulation of the<br />

initial agonist activation (AG1) on the elbow extension of a<br />

throwing task performed at different speeds. In K. Hakkinen<br />

et al. (Eds.) Book of Abstracts <strong>do</strong> XVth Congress of the ISBS.<br />

Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla, 730-731.<br />

PEZARAT-CORREIA, P., et al. (1996). The muscular pattern in<br />

elbow ballistic extension during shot at the goal in the handball.<br />

In P. Marconnet et al. (Eds.) Book of Abstracts of the First<br />

Annual Congress Frontiers in Sport Science. Nice: University of<br />

Sophia-Antilopis, 464-465.<br />

PEZARAT-CORREIA, P. et al. (2001). Differences in the agonist/antagonist<br />

EMG pattern during a throwing task performed<br />

by experimented <strong>da</strong>rt throwers and untrained subjects.<br />

Medicine & Science in Sports Exercise 33, 5 Supplement, S216.<br />

SPRIGINGS, E. et al. (1994). A three-dimensional kinematic<br />

method for <strong>de</strong>termining the effectiveness of arm segment<br />

rotations in producing racquet-head speed. Journal of<br />

Biomechanics 27: 245-254.<br />

RASH, G.; SHAPIRO, R. (1995). A three-dimensional dynamic<br />

analysis of the quarterback’s throwing motion in american<br />

football. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 11: 443-459.<br />

TOYOSHIMA, S., et al. (1974). Contribution of the body parts<br />

to throwing performance. In R. C. Nelson and C. A.<br />

Morehouse (Eds.) Biomechanics IV. Baltimore: University Park<br />

Press, 169-174.<br />

ppezarat@fmh.utl.pt<br />

ESTABILIDADE ARTICULAR E MEDIÇÃO<br />

DA RIGIDEZ DINÂMICA ASSOCIADA.<br />

GRUPOS DE INTERESSE<br />

Abrantes, João M.C.S.<br />

<strong>Facul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong></strong> <strong>de</strong> Motrici<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> Humana, Universi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> Técnica <strong>de</strong> Lisboa,<br />

Portugal.<br />

Introdução<br />

Des<strong>de</strong> o IV Congresso <strong>de</strong> Ciências <strong>do</strong> <strong>Desporto</strong> e <strong>de</strong> Educação<br />

Física, Coimbra (Gabriel e Abrantes, 1995) temos vin<strong>do</strong> a consi<strong>de</strong>rar<br />

a importância particular que a Estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> Articular tem<br />

sobre o conhecimento <strong>do</strong> caminhar, enquanto padrão motor<br />

(Gabriel e Abrantes, 1999; Gabriel e Abrantes, 2001) e qual o<br />

potencial contributo <strong>de</strong> um mo<strong>de</strong>lo <strong>da</strong> rigi<strong>de</strong>z dinâmica para a<br />

tarefa <strong>de</strong> saltitar (hoping), (Fernan<strong>de</strong>s e Abrantes, 2003a). Hoje<br />

procuramos apresentar uma ferramenta que nos possibilite<br />

relacionar a rigi<strong>de</strong>z dinâmica rotacional <strong>do</strong> tornozelo com a<br />

estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> articular usan<strong>do</strong> como critério as fases <strong>de</strong> produção<br />

e <strong>de</strong> absorção <strong>de</strong> energia mecânica.<br />

Associação <strong>do</strong> conceito <strong>de</strong> estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> articular ao conceito<br />

<strong>de</strong> rigi<strong>de</strong>z dinâmica<br />

Na perspectiva biomecânica o conceito, a<strong>da</strong>pta<strong>do</strong> <strong>da</strong> Mecânica<br />

<strong>do</strong>s Materiais, <strong>de</strong> Rigi<strong>de</strong>z como significante <strong>da</strong> Bioresistência,<br />

<strong>de</strong>senvolvi<strong>da</strong> pelos materiais biológicos presentes, po<strong>de</strong> ser utiliza<strong>do</strong><br />

na construção dum indica<strong>do</strong>r <strong>de</strong> Estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> Articular.<br />

Em termos gerais a Estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> Articular resulta <strong>da</strong> capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

motora <strong>de</strong> controlar os elementos que actuam em ca<strong>da</strong> um <strong>do</strong>s<br />

complexos articulares. O efeito <strong>de</strong> controlo sobre os elementos<br />

activos (ou, neuromusculares) é associa<strong>do</strong> ao efeito <strong>do</strong>s elementos<br />

passivos (proprie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s mecânicas <strong>do</strong>s materiais que<br />

compõem esses complexos articulares). O resulta<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong>sse efeito<br />

associa<strong>do</strong> proporciona ao executante um <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>do</strong> grau<br />

<strong>de</strong> concretização <strong>do</strong> objectivo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>slocação ou posição intersegmentar.<br />

Essa capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> terá graus segurança e soli<strong>de</strong>z que<br />

proporcionam a esse executante uma fiabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong> execução<br />

<strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> parâmetros que lhe permitem, por um la<strong>do</strong>, a estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

geral <strong>do</strong> corpo e, por outro, uma margem <strong>de</strong> confiança<br />

<strong>de</strong> que o <strong>de</strong>sempenho é mais confortável <strong>do</strong> que realiza<strong>do</strong> em<br />

limites dinâmicos muito próximos <strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong>senca<strong>de</strong>amento <strong>do</strong>s<br />

processos <strong>de</strong> lesão. Estes limites estão associa<strong>do</strong>s quer ao controlo<br />

sobre os graus <strong>de</strong> liber<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> redun<strong>da</strong>ntes, quer aos<br />

momentos <strong>de</strong> força presentes. As variações observa<strong>da</strong>s indicam<br />

a existência <strong>de</strong> uma componente <strong>de</strong> controlo, avalia<strong>da</strong> pela<br />

maior ou menor activi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> muscular <strong>do</strong>s músculos responsáveis<br />

pelos <strong>de</strong>slocamentos intersegmentares, predispon<strong>do</strong> o controlo<br />

a diferentes níveis <strong>de</strong> alerta. Este alerta, ou grau <strong>de</strong> sensibili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>do</strong> sistema <strong>de</strong> controlo, po<strong>de</strong>rá ser quantifica<strong>do</strong> pelo<br />

maior ou menor grau <strong>de</strong> rigi<strong>de</strong>z necessário à estabili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> exigível<br />

em ca<strong>da</strong> tarefa. Especificamente para o tornozelo, o limiar<br />

<strong>de</strong> sensação proprioceptiva aumenta com a i<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e, portanto, a<br />

<strong>Revista</strong> Portuguesa <strong>de</strong> Ciências <strong>do</strong> <strong>Desporto</strong>, 2004, vol. 4, nº 2 (suplemento) [15–102] 85

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