Civil Engineering Project Management (4th Edition)

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success leads to another. By experience and force of his personality he may pull the job ahead of schedule and complete before the promised time. 14.7 Completion One of the duties of the engineer is to decide when the works can be considered complete. Most contracts require that the works are substantially complete before the engineer can issue his certificate of substantial completion. Unless the contract has specific requirements to be met, substantial completion does not require that every last item is finished, but it is generally taken to mean that most of the works are done and the project can be put to safe and effective use by the employer. There will no doubt be some items outstanding and conditions, such as ICE (7th edition), allow for this while requiring that any outstanding work is completed as soon as practicable during the defects period or to an agreed timetable. Items left to be finished later would be those which do not affect operation, such as painting; or may even include minor structures, such as a gatehouse not essential to use of the works. A shrewd contractor will be looking to get his certificate of completion as early as possible and may apply to the engineer as soon as he thinks he has any chance of it being allowed. Clause 48 of the ICE conditions (7th edition) allows for such an application which must, however, be accompanied by an undertaking to finish outstanding work. The engineer must then either issue a certificate, or state what needs to be done to complete. The resident engineer must advise the engineer of matters still to be completed and say if he considers the contractor’s application for completion is too early. Before the engineer issues his certificate of completion he will need to check with the employer to ensure that he has staff available to take over completed works. 14.8 Estimating extension of time Programme and progress charts 175 Failure to complete in time may make the contractor liable to pay liquidated damages, as specified in the contract, to the employer. Hence at the time a completion certificate is issued, the engineer must decide whether any extension of the time for completion is allowable. Extensions of time may have to be allowed if the contractor is delayed by problems for which the employer is liable under the contract. These should have been notified as they arose and considered at the time (see Section 17.10). There may also be sections of the work which the contract requires to be completed earlier than for the project as a whole. It is important to note that not all delays will lead to an extension. Some may not affect the path to completion and others may be matters for which the contractor is responsible. It is necessary to check with the contract conditions (such as ICE 7th edition Clause 44) to identify which delays are to be taken into account, such as ‘exceptional adverse weather conditions’, etc.
176 Civil Engineering Project Management Assessment of extensions of time may have to be made several times during a long contract and their cumulative effect will have to be assessed at or near completion. The assessment needs to take account of all known circumstances at the time, independently of what may happen later. Also the estimate is unlikely to be precise because of complicating factors, such as delay periods overlapping. The engineer has to decide whether delays fairly entitle the contractor to an extension, so it may be that reference only to the contractor’s programme is insufficient, since other factors need to be taken into account to produce a fair result. To make this judgment the engineer needs experience of constructional processes and their limitations. An early look at a delay with reference to the contractor’s initial programme, should take into account that this is only a statement of intent and that the contractor is at liberty to change his programme. Some operations will, in the nature of events, take longer or shorter to complete than anticipated. A more realistic approach is to examine the as-built record of construction to see if – had the delay not occurred – the construction could have been completed faster, taking into account any changes made by the employer which have caused delay. The advantage of this approach is that it is based on actual performance including any mitigating measures that were taken to reduce delay. A further discussion of assessing delay and evaluating any payment due is given in Sections 17.10 and 17.11. 14.9 Estimating probable final cost of works When a construction project is moving towards completion the employer may ask for an estimate of its probable final cost. To deal with this it is a help if the bill of quantities for the project is divided into separate bills for separate structures. This makes it easier to identify where extra costs have arisen and where further extras can be expected. The following type of analysis may then be adopted: • An analysis of amounts incurred under variation orders is made, dividing them out over the separate bills. The analysis should include VOs pending. If a VO covers many items spread over several bills, it can be allocated to general contingency money, to save time on too much detailed analysis. • The page totals in the original priced bill of quantities should be compared with the latest page totals for interim payments certified to date. Additions should be made where, by examination, it is thought payment for items on that page will come to £500 or more than the original page total shown. Deductions will be made where it is expected a page total will reduce by £500 or more because of items omitted, or for which payment under a VO has been substituted. Smaller differences are ignored. The total for each bill for a separate structure is then derived by adding up the revised page totals. • The probable final cost outcome of the main construction contract can then be assessed as shown in Table 14.1.
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Civil Engineering Project Managemen
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Civil Engineering Project Managemen
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Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgeme
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Contents vii 4.3 Conditions publish
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Contents ix 10.3 The Health and Saf
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Contents xi 15.4 Problems with clas
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Preface Most civil engineering cons
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1 The development of construction p
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The great majority of all civil eng
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and takes over ownership of them at
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The development of construction pro
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supported by the DETR’s 7 Constru
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advantage is that a contractor who
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civil engineering, incorrect or ins
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The development of construction pro
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2 Procedures for design and constru
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2.3 Options for design The followin
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utilities in the UK continued to us
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Some plant suppliers, however, will
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• The promoter may need to employ
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given period of a year or longer. T
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3 Payment arrangements, risks and p
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(c) Lump sum contracts Payment arra
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inflation of prices after he has te
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Payment arrangements, risks and pro
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Payment arrangements, risks and pro
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if not, to make some deletion to re
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Contract conditions used for civil
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D&C contracts are often used when t
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4.3 Conditions published by the Int
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authorities. A range of standard fo
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Contract conditions used for civil
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5.2 Roles of the key participants i
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Preparing contract documents 53 the
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Preparing contract documents 55 mat
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work. Some methods may need to be s
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personnel may also be included. Thi
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Preparing contract documents 61 hen
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Preparing contract documents 63 ‘
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invited to bid for the project. Con
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Tendering 67 If pre-qualification i
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construction, so that they can plan
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e avoided because they can provide
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corrected. Where this results in an
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6.8 Choosing a tender Tendering 75
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Tendering 77 • an intent that the
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Appendix: UK Regulations UK Statuto
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execution of the contract, but he d
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of formwork carpenters, steel erect
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The contractor’s site organizatio
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The contractor’s site organizatio
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8.1 Introduction 8 The employer and
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8.3 A note on alternative provision
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further drawings the contractor nee
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(see References 5 and 6). But under
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The resident engineer’s duties 97
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need to go carefully at first so th
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10 Health and safety regulations 10
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Health and safety regulations 109 N
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10.5 Training As part of the drive
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should be evaluated. This is a new
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10.9 The Construction (Health, Safe
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Health and safety regulations 117 C
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enable first aid to be given to emp
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• The programme for construction
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• rainfall and runoff data; • d
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Page 142 and 143: Starting the construction work 127
Page 144 and 145: 12.2 Levelling Site surveys, invest
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Page 148 and 149: instance, it will have to be starte
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Page 152 and 153: For grading analyses of soils 4. A
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Page 156 and 157: Contract state that the employer wi
Page 158 and 159: The drainage of clay or clay and si
Page 160 and 161: General files (Series 1-9) The resi
Page 162 and 163: If an instruction does not vary the
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Page 168 and 169: 13.8 Authorization of dayworks The
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Page 174 and 175: Fig. 13.7. A page of a pipe stock b
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Page 180 and 181: 14 Programme and progress charts 14
Page 182 and 183: how any consequential delay to the
Page 184 and 185: Description EXC. & filling soil str
Page 186 and 187: Programme and progress charts 171 d
Page 188 and 189: Height A.O.D. 200m 100m Pumping sta
Page 192 and 193: Table 14.1 Estimated Final Cost of
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Page 196 and 197: ‘Painting items N1-N13 after erec
Page 206 and 207: a tender is in the tenderer’s han
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Page 212 and 213: Interim monthly payments 197 28 day
Page 214 and 215: Interim monthly payments 199 paid t
Page 216 and 217: Interim monthly payments 201 into d
Page 218 and 219: or for which contractual dates for
Page 220 and 221: Interim monthly payments 205 the co
Page 222 and 223: Variations and claims 207 reaching
Page 224 and 225: Variations and claims 209 Extensive
Page 226 and 227: The problem of setting rates for ne
Page 228 and 229: Variations and claims 213 that the
Page 230 and 231: costs. The problem is that borings
Page 232 and 233: 17.10 Delay claims Variations and c
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18 Earthworks and pipelines 18.1 Ex
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The grab has a low output rate, but
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match the timing of empty vehicles
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are then more clearly revealed. The
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minimum rise or fall. The preferred
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Earthworks and pipelines 235 The cr
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Table 19.1 Site concreting and rein
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Site concreting and reinforcement 2
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eason, the contractor has to take s
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Acceptance of tender 76 ACE (Assn.
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Design options 24 et seq. Design an
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One stop shop 15 Opening tenders 71
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Time schedule of key dates 168 Tran
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Plate 2a. An early use of a large t
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Plate 4a. Rollers compacting side s
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Plate 6b. Steel piling sometimes do
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Plate 8a. Presumably somebody thoug
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Plate 10a. It is almost universal t
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Plate 12a. On any job not properly
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Plate 14a. The typical fluidity of
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Plate 16a. If reinforcement is not
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