Civil Engineering Project Management (4th Edition)

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Preparing contract documents 63 ‘method’ specification is therefore the usual practice adopted, based on longstanding practices that have proved satisfactory over many years of experience. The specification ought to be relevant to the work required. To include provisions that are irrelevant shows signs of a careless approach. When complex matters have to be specified it is best to avoid long and complicated sentences; short sentences are better. Occasional lists of requirements can aid clarity. The specification is a reference book which should be easy to consult. Inevitably large parts of it will cover such obvious requirements that they will not be read – for example, ‘All formwork must be true to line and level’. Any unusual or special requirement should therefore not be tacked onto such standard material, or it will get missed. It should be put as a separate paragraph, even if it comprises only a couple of lines, so that it stands alone. When writing specifications much use is made of past experience. Many engineers and consultancy firms will have model clauses available for specifying materials in common use. Both ‘short version’ and ‘comprehensive’ model specification clauses may need to be drawn up for a given material, so that the appropriate model clause can be used, according to the amount and importance of that material in a job. Considerable use will be made of national standards, standard sizes or qualities of manufactured goods. But it should be noted that, although British or other national standards are often quoted, this may not be sufficient definition because many such standards cover various grades and qualities, and precise references may be needed. Permitted alternative national standards may need to be quoted also. Use can be made of a trade-named product to specify a material required but, wherever possible, it is better to avoid restricting the contractor to just one product by adding after the named product the words ‘or similar approved’. The problems caused by nominating one supplier are dealt with in Sections 14.2 and 15.8, and it must be borne in mind that the practice could be contrary to EU competition rules. Many sections of the civil engineering industry have their own approved technical specifications which are meant to act as standards for their particular type of work. The UK Department of Transport (Highways Agency) has published extensive clauses covering all manner of roadwork in their Highways Specification. The water companies in the UK have published a <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong> Specification for the Water Industry. These documents can give an important lead to the specifier, but should not be slavishly copied, but checked, amended and extended so as to relate concisely to the needs of each particular job. It is wise to enquire of the employer whether he wishes any particular specifications or standard requirements to be adopted. This is important when work is undertaken for governments or public utilities overseas. They often have their own printed specification, departures from which may not be permissible since they might not be noticed or understood by local tenderers. The sanction of the employer might be needed before any addition or amendment is made to such traditional specifications and, if allowed, may need to be put in a special section and carefully worded in simple English.
6 Tendering 6.1 Methods used for obtaining tenders An employer usually seeks bids or ‘tenders’ from construction contractors on the basis of tender documents produced as described in Chapter 5. Tenders can be obtained in one of three ways – by ‘open’ tendering, selective tendering, or by negotiation. Under open tendering the employer advertises his proposed project, and permits as many contractors as are interested to apply for tender documents. Sometimes he calls for a deposit from applicants, the deposit being returned ‘on receipt of a bona fide tender’. However, this method can be said to be wasteful of contractors’ resources since many may spend time preparing tenders to no effect. Also, knowing their chances of gaining the contract are small, contractors may not study the contract in detail to work out their minimum price, but simply quote a price that will be certain to bring them a profit if they win the contract. Thus the employer may be offered only ‘a lottery of prices’ and not necessarily the lowest price for which his project could be constructed. If he chooses the lowest tender he runs the risk the tenderer has not studied the contract sufficiently to appraise the risks involved; or the tenderer might not have the technical or financial resources to undertake the work successfully. It is true that the employer can check the resources and experience of the lowest bidder and reject his tender if the enquiry proves unsatisfactory; but several bids may be below the estimated cost of the job and, if such tenderers appear satisfactory and their bids are not far apart in value, it is difficult for the employer to choose other than the lowest. The engineer advising the employer may think there is a risk that all such low bids could prove unsatisfactory, but he cannot advise the employer what other bid to accept because he has no certainty of information. Under selective tendering the employer advertises his project and invites contractors to apply to be placed on a selected list of contractors who will be
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Civil Engineering Project Managemen
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Civil Engineering Project Managemen
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Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgeme
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Contents vii 4.3 Conditions publish
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Contents ix 10.3 The Health and Saf
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Contents xi 15.4 Problems with clas
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Preface Most civil engineering cons
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1 The development of construction p
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The great majority of all civil eng
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and takes over ownership of them at
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The development of construction pro
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supported by the DETR’s 7 Constru
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advantage is that a contractor who
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Page 30 and 31: The development of construction pro
Page 32 and 33: 2 Procedures for design and constru
Page 34 and 35: 2.3 Options for design The followin
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Page 38 and 39: Some plant suppliers, however, will
Page 40 and 41: • The promoter may need to employ
Page 42 and 43: given period of a year or longer. T
Page 44 and 45: 3 Payment arrangements, risks and p
Page 46 and 47: (c) Lump sum contracts Payment arra
Page 48 and 49: inflation of prices after he has te
Page 50 and 51: Payment arrangements, risks and pro
Page 52 and 53: Payment arrangements, risks and pro
Page 54 and 55: if not, to make some deletion to re
Page 56 and 57: Contract conditions used for civil
Page 58 and 59: D&C contracts are often used when t
Page 60 and 61: 4.3 Conditions published by the Int
Page 62 and 63: authorities. A range of standard fo
Page 64 and 65: Contract conditions used for civil
Page 66 and 67: 5.2 Roles of the key participants i
Page 68 and 69: Preparing contract documents 53 the
Page 70 and 71: Preparing contract documents 55 mat
Page 72 and 73: work. Some methods may need to be s
Page 74 and 75: personnel may also be included. Thi
Page 76 and 77: Preparing contract documents 61 hen
Page 80 and 81: invited to bid for the project. Con
Page 82 and 83: Tendering 67 If pre-qualification i
Page 84 and 85: construction, so that they can plan
Page 86 and 87: e avoided because they can provide
Page 88 and 89: corrected. Where this results in an
Page 90 and 91: 6.8 Choosing a tender Tendering 75
Page 92 and 93: Tendering 77 • an intent that the
Page 94 and 95: Appendix: UK Regulations UK Statuto
Page 96 and 97: execution of the contract, but he d
Page 98 and 99: of formwork carpenters, steel erect
Page 100 and 101: The contractor’s site organizatio
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Page 104 and 105: 8.1 Introduction 8 The employer and
Page 106 and 107: 8.3 A note on alternative provision
Page 108 and 109: further drawings the contractor nee
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Page 112 and 113: The resident engineer’s duties 97
Page 116 and 117: need to go carefully at first so th
Page 122 and 123: 10 Health and safety regulations 10
Page 124 and 125: Health and safety regulations 109 N
Page 126 and 127: 10.5 Training As part of the drive
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should be evaluated. This is a new
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10.9 The Construction (Health, Safe
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Health and safety regulations 117 C
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enable first aid to be given to emp
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• The programme for construction
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• rainfall and runoff data; • d
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Starting the construction work 125
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Starting the construction work 127
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12.2 Levelling Site surveys, invest
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each floor. Alternatively an optica
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instance, it will have to be starte
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Percussion drilling Site surveys, i
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For grading analyses of soils 4. A
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Site surveys, investigations and la
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Contract state that the employer wi
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The drainage of clay or clay and si
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General files (Series 1-9) The resi
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If an instruction does not vary the
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The resident engineer’s office re
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13.8 Authorization of dayworks The
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with the engineer. If the decision
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Fig. 13.7. A page of a pipe stock b
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in red on a copy of the contract dr
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14 Programme and progress charts 14
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how any consequential delay to the
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Description EXC. & filling soil str
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Programme and progress charts 171 d
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Height A.O.D. 200m 100m Pumping sta
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success leads to another. By experi
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Table 14.1 Estimated Final Cost of
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Measurement and bills of quantities
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‘Painting items N1-N13 after erec
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a tender is in the tenderer’s han
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other tenderers, etc., the contract
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Interim monthly payments 197 28 day
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Interim monthly payments 199 paid t
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Interim monthly payments 201 into d
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or for which contractual dates for
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Interim monthly payments 205 the co
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Variations and claims 207 reaching
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Variations and claims 209 Extensive
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The problem of setting rates for ne
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Variations and claims 213 that the
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costs. The problem is that borings
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17.10 Delay claims Variations and c
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Variations and claims 219 Some othe
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concerning a contractor’s claim,
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17.16 Arbitration Under the ICE con
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18 Earthworks and pipelines 18.1 Ex
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The grab has a low output rate, but
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match the timing of empty vehicles
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are then more clearly revealed. The
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minimum rise or fall. The preferred
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Earthworks and pipelines 235 The cr
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Table 19.1 Site concreting and rein
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Site concreting and reinforcement 2
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eason, the contractor has to take s
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Acceptance of tender 76 ACE (Assn.
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Design options 24 et seq. Design an
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One stop shop 15 Opening tenders 71
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Time schedule of key dates 168 Tran
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Plate 2a. An early use of a large t
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Plate 4a. Rollers compacting side s
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Plate 6b. Steel piling sometimes do
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Plate 8a. Presumably somebody thoug
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Plate 10a. It is almost universal t
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Plate 12a. On any job not properly
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Plate 14a. The typical fluidity of
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Plate 16a. If reinforcement is not
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Civil Engineering Project Management (4th Edition)

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