Civil Engineering Project Management (4th Edition)
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
252 <strong>Civil</strong> <strong>Engineering</strong> <strong>Project</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
removed before the mortar layer and new concrete is placed. Usually it is the<br />
job of the resident engineer’s inspector to inspect formwork and the cleanliness<br />
of construction joints before permission is given to the contractor to start<br />
concreting. If the contractor runs ‘Quality Assurance’ one of his staff should<br />
act as inspector of formwork, but this does not relieve the resident engineer of<br />
his need to inspect on behalf of the engineer.<br />
In liquid-retaining structures resilient plastic waterstops are usually provided<br />
at contraction joints. Fixing half their width in the stop-end shuttering<br />
to a narrow reinforced concrete wall often leaves a congested space for the<br />
concrete which must therefore be most carefully vibrated in place to ensure<br />
that the waterstop is bedded in sound concrete. If the concrete face of the joint<br />
is to be bitumen painted before the next wall section is built, bitumen must<br />
not get on the waterstop.<br />
Floor joint grooves need cleaning out by water jetting, then surface drying<br />
as much as possible with an air blower before the priming compound supplied<br />
by the manufacturer of the joint filler is applied to the groove faces. It is<br />
essential that this primer is not omitted, and the filler must be pushed down<br />
to the bottom of the groove. Joint grooves are normally filled after the concrete<br />
has been allowed to dry out for 2 or 3 weeks when most shrinkage on drying<br />
should have taken place (see Section 19.11).<br />
Leaks from liquid retaining concrete structures are most likely to occur<br />
from opening up of wall joints due to wall movement, especially at the corners<br />
of rectangular tanks; and puncturing of the floor joint filler under liquid<br />
pressure where the filler has not been solidly filled to the base of the groove.<br />
19.11 Concrete finish problems<br />
The skill required by carpenters to make and erect formwork for concrete is<br />
seldom fully appreciated. The formwork must remain ‘true to line and level’<br />
despite substantial loading from the wet concrete. Column and wall faces<br />
have to be strictly vertical, and beam soffits strictly level, or any departure<br />
will be easily visible by eye. Formwork for concrete which is to remain<br />
exposed to view has to be planned and built as carefully as if it were a permanent<br />
feature of the building. Many methods have been tried to make the<br />
appearance of exposed concrete attractive: but any of them can be ruined by<br />
honeycombing, a bad construction joint, or by subsequent weathering revealing<br />
that one pour of concrete has not been identical with adjacent pours, or<br />
that the amount of vibration used in compacting one panel has been different<br />
from that used in others. If concrete has to remain exposed to public view,<br />
then the resident engineer should endeavour to agree with the contractor<br />
what is the most suitable method for achieving the finish required if the specification<br />
or drawings do not give exact guidance on the matter. The problem<br />
is that if, through lack of detailed attention, a ‘mishap’ on the exposed surface<br />
is revealed when the formwork is struck, it is virtually impossible to rectify it.<br />
Sometimes rendering the whole surface is the only acceptable remedy.