ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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Weniger (1984b) noted that before 1860, prairies were reported from most East Texas counties, including most of the Pineywoods. According to Truett and Lay (1984), names given by early settlers to at least 46 places in the forested area of East Texas also reflect the presence of prairies—e.g., Mustang Prairie at Crockett, Tarkington Prairie in Liberty County, and Shawnee Prairie in Angelina County. Likewise, Jordan (1973) mapped dozens of areas in the Pineywoods which were described in 19 th century accounts as being prairie or had the term prairie included in their place names. A specific example is the account of Gideon Lincecum who in 1835 traveled from San Augustine to Liberty on the lower Trinity—after crossing the Angelina River he found “pine barrens interspersed with prairies.” Another early Texas traveler, Gustav Dresel (1954), crossed the Neches River south of Zavalla in 1839 and described the area as follows: Having left the forests of the Neches River behind, we came into a fertile prairie where the most excellent grass sprouted from black earth and the most diverse flowers grew exuberantly in between. Here and there the wide plain was broken by groups of trees. Near the Neches, Parker (1968—from his 1834 travels) noted that, “We now passed through ten miles of pine woods; then prairies of a mile or so in extent, and postoak openings.” According to Sitton and Conrad (1998), The great East Texas forest was thinner and more open to the north and west, where small prairies occasionally broke its expanse, especially in the “Redlands” around Nacogdoches. East and south of Nacogdoches toward the Sabine, rainfall increased, the forest grew thicker and more luxuriant, and the “openings” gradually disappeared. Mary Austin Holley (1836), who was a cousin of Stephen F. Austin, also reported prairies in the “eastern section of Texas,” noting that it was “heavily timbered with pine, oak, ash, cedar, cypress, and other forest trees…occasionally variegated by small prairies PRESETTLEMENT, EARLY SETTLEMENT, RECENT CONDITIONS OF PINEYWOODS/INTRODUCTION 83 FIG.44/LARGE OLD GROWTH PINUS PALUSTRIS (LONGLEAF PINE), 2 MILES NW OF WILLARD, TRINITY CO. PHOTO COURTESY TEXAS FORESTRY MUSEUM,LUFKIN. FIG. 45/ HARDWOOD BOTTOMLAND FOREST IN EAST TEXAS. PHOTO COURTESY STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIV., FOREST HISTORY COLLECTIONS,THOMPSON PHOTO ALBUMS.
84 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARLY SETTLEMENT, RECENT CONDITIONS OF PINEYWOODS containing from one hundred to one thousand acres.” While small prairies were thus probably common in the original Pineywoods, forests dominated vast stretches, with the trees in many areas being large, impressive, and economically valuable. The potential for lumber in the vast presettlement forest of the Pineywoods was nearly unbelievable (Figs. 44, 45). According to Maxwell and Baker (1983), To the visitor first entering the region the towering pine forest was almost overpowering. Travelers often described the magnificent pines (probably longleaf) soaring 100 to 150 feet in the air with bases 4 or 5 feet in diameter. The forest floor under the great longleaf trees was clean, and the forest was described as parklike. Here the combination of sandy soil and woods fires had eliminated most competing growth, and the traveler walked or rode through the forest without difficulty. Because there was such a large quantity of wood, early small-scale lumbering efforts had relatively little impact. Water and steam-powered lumber mills began to appear by the 1820s, but their small size limited the effect on East Texas forests. Not until late in the 1800s were large-scale mills introduced (Maxwell 1982; Maxwell & Baker 1983). However, the advent of these more modern mills and the development of an extensive network of railroads (Fig. 46) in the late 1800s led to a dramatic expansion of lumbering. Of all human activities in the Pineywoods, none has had such a profound impact on the original vegetation as lumbering. The situation in Texas was not an isolated phenomenon: “The development of the 19th Century lumber empires in Texas paralleled a pattern repeated throughout the South. Mill operators purchased large tracts of timberland, built a mill and supporting ‘company town’ and constructed spur tracks into the woods off the main railways to provide access to the virgin timber” (McWilliams & Lord 1988). Because of the extensive use of railroads and the dependence on steam-powered equipment, this type of logging has sometimes been referred to as “railroad-steamlogging” (Fickle 2002). The years 1880 to 1930 were the “Bonanza Era” of lumbering in East Texas, with more than 600 mills operating at one time (Maxwell & Baker 1983). Figures 47 and 48 give a visual impression of that era. FIG.46/ LOG TRAINS IN THE PINEYWOODS.PHOTO COURTESY STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIV., FOREST HISTORY COLLECTIONS.
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
Page 49 and 50: 32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
Page 63 and 64: 46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
Page 65 and 66: 48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
Page 67 and 68: 50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
Page 77 and 78: 60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
Page 83 and 84: 66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98: 80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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Page 103 and 104: 86 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
Page 105 and 106: 88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
Page 107 and 108: 90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
Page 123 and 124: 106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 127 and 128: 110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
Page 129 and 130: 112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 131 and 132: 114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 133 and 134: 116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
Page 135 and 136: 118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
Page 141 and 142: 124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
Page 145 and 146: 128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
Page 147 and 148: 130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
Page 149 and 150: 132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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