ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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LEGEND (IN INCHES) Under 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 26 26 to 30 30 to 34 34 to 38 38 to 42 42 to 46 46 to 50 50 to 54 Above 54 CLIMATE OF EAST TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 69 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION TEXAS COPYRIGHT 2000 BY SPATIAL CLIMATE ANALYSIS SERVICE, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY This is a map of annual precipitation averaged over the period 1961-1990. Station observations were collected from the NOAA Cooperative and USDA-NRCS SnoTel networks, plus other state and local networks. The PRISM modeling system was used to create the gridded estimates from which this map was made. The size of each grid pixel is approximately 4 x 4 km. Support was provided by the NRCS Water and Climate Center. For information on the PRISM modeling system, visit the SCAS web site at: http://ocs.orst.edu/prism The latest PRISM digital data sets created by the SCAS can be obtained fro the Climate Source at: http://climatesource.com FIG.38/MAP OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (IN INCHES) AVERAGED OVER THE PERIOD 1961–1990. USED WITH PERMISSION OF SPATIAL CLIMATE ANALYSIS SERVICE,OREGON STATE UNIV.©1993.
70 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEXAS Cleaveland 1995). While there has been a notable decline in the frequency and intensity of false spring episodes in Texas in the last 100 years, the cause of this decrease is not clear (Stahle & Cleaveland 1995). There is a steep east-west precipitation gradient across East Texas. Mean annual precipitation is inversely related to longitude, ranging from about 58.93 inches (150 cm) in the southeastern corner of the area in Orange County (Bomar 1995) to about 28 inches (71 cm) in the southwesternmost portion of the area in Bexar County (Griffiths & Orton 1968) (Figs. 37, 38). In general, mean annual precipitation decreases about one inch for each 15 miles from east to west (Bomar 1983). Thus, there is a rainfall difference of more than 30 inches (76 cm) between the southeastern and southwestern boundaries of East Texas (Griffiths & Orton 1968; Bomar 1995). This huge difference is in large part due to the influence of the warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico (Bomar 1995). In fact, proximity to the Gulf is the most important factor causing regional differences in climate in Texas (North et al. 1995b). The eastern part of East Texas typically has rainfall distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. However, the western part of East Texas, like much of the state as a whole, often has wet springs and falls but dry summers. Unfortunately, this western portion can also receive too much rain in a short time (Sharpless & Yelderman 1993). Severe storms and some of the largest rainfalls in the United States have occurred there. According to Hayward et al. (1992), all the point rainfall records for North America are held within a belt 50 miles east and west of a line from Dallas through Waco, Austin, and San Antonio. The town of Thrall, in Williamson County on the eastern edge of the Blacklands, had one of the United States’ largest rainfalls on 9–10 September 1921, when 38.2 inches (97 cm) fell in 24 hours (Jordan 1984; Yelderman 1993), with an astonishing 32 of the inches (81 cm) in a 12 hour period (Bomar 1995). The yearly precipitation record for Texas, 109.38 inches (277.8 cm), is also in East Texas. It occurred in 1873 at Clarksville in Red River County, near the extreme northeastern tip of the Blackland Prairie (Bomar 1983). For short periods of time, rainfall rates of 11 inches (28 cm) per hour have been recorded in the state (Bomar 1995), though these rates have not been sustained for an entire hour. Such extreme rainfall events are generally the result of either very slowly moving thunderstorms or hurricanes, and some have caused devastating floods in parts of East Texas. While hurricanes obviously have more of an impact on coastal areas (e.g., the “West India Hurricane” of 1900 that killed an estimated 5,000–8,000 people in Galveston), all of East Texas can be influenced by the heavy precipitation and flooding caused by these powerful storms (Bomar 1995). For example, serious flooding resulted in September 1963 when Hurricane Cindy dumped huge amounts of rain along the coast and in the southern part of East Texas—Deweyville (Newton County) in the Sabine River Valley received nearly 24 inches of rain from that storm (Bomar 1995). The southwesternmost portion of East Texas, at the edge of the Balcones Escarpment, is particularly susceptible to flood damage. Thunderstorms and intense rainfall occur when moisture-laden air moving inland from the Gulf cools as it suddenly rises at the increased elevation of the Balcones Escarpment (Trippet & Garner 1976). According to Bomar (1995), “no portion of Texas—and, for that matter, the entire United States—is as prone to be afflicted by flash floods” as the vicinity of the Balcones Escarpment. In addition to the higher terrain leading to increased rainfall, the topography of the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment (e.g., broad uplands cut by narrow deep canyons) exacerbates flooding by funneling the heavy runoff into narrow river and stream corridors. The area of Travis County around Austin is a prime example, having suffered a number of devastating flash floods, including those of 1960, 1974, 1975, and 1981 (Bomar 1995). The southeastern part of East Texas also experiences serious flooding. An example was the extensive damage associated with the massive rainstorm of June 12–13, 1973, which “dumped 10–15 inches of rain centered in the vicinities of Houston, Liberty, and Conroe”
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
Page 35 and 36: 18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
Page 37 and 38: 20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
Page 39 and 40: 22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
Page 41 and 42: 24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
Page 43 and 44: 26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
Page 45 and 46: 28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
Page 47 and 48: 30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
Page 49 and 50: 32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
Page 63 and 64: 46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
Page 65 and 66: 48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
Page 67 and 68: 50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
Page 77 and 78: 60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
Page 83 and 84: 66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
Page 85: 68 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
Page 93 and 94: Forests define East Texas, and to a
Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98: 80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
Page 105 and 106: 88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
Page 107 and 108: 90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
Page 123 and 124: 106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 125 and 126: 108 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 127 and 128: 110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
Page 129 and 130: 112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 131 and 132: 114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 133 and 134: 116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
Page 135 and 136: 118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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120 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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122 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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126 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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