ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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TWO UNIQUE AREAS OF EAST TEXAS CADDO LAKE AND THE BIG THICKET Within the Pineywoods there are two long-famous areas that deserve special discussion because of their biological and historical significance. In northeast Texas, adjacent to the Texas-Louisiana border east of Jefferson, is Caddo Lake, a unique swamp ecosystem. In the southeastern part of the Pineywoods, north of Beaumont and just west of the Louisiana border, is found the Big Thicket, a vegetationally complex area and the site of Texas’ only National Preserve. CADDO LAKE …the surreal, swampy Caddo Lake—does not offer dramatic vistas, but instead envelops the visitor in an almost womblike enclosure of lush plants and water. —SOUTHALL 1993 FIG.82/CADDO LAKE,MILL POND AREA (PHOTO BY DAVID GIBSON). CADDO LAKE/INTRODUCTION 149
150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATION OF CADDO LAKE Caddo Lake, an extensive bald-cypress (Taxodium distichum) swamp ecosystem (Fig. 82), is found in the northeastern part of the Texas Pineywoods and straddles the Texas-Louisiana border (Fig. 83). It is located in Harrison and Marion counties, east of Jefferson along Big Cypress Bayou, a tributary of the Red River. The Caddo Lake ecosystem FIG.83/LOCATION OF CADDO LAKE IN THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF THE is part of the Cypress Creek water- TEXAS PINEYWOODS ADJACENT TO THE LOUISIANA BORDER IN HARRISON shed, an area of 15,540 square km AND MARION COUNTIES (MODIFIED FROM VAN KLEY & HINE 1998). USED (6,000 square miles). The water- WITH PERMISSION FROM THE TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. shed includes Lake Cypress Springs, Lake Bob Sandlin, Lake O’ the Pines, Caddo Lake, and parts of eleven Texas counties, as well as a portion of Caddo Parish, Louisiana. The elevation of the watershed ranges from about 50 to 180 m (160 to 600 feet) with the lake level of Caddo Lake being approximately 51 m (168 feet) above sea level. While much of the open water part of the lake (called Big Lake) lies in Louisiana, the majority of Caddo Lake’s watershed is in Texas (Ingold & Hardy no date; Dahmer 1995; Giggleman et al. 1998; Van Kley & Hine 1998). PRESETTLEMENT AND EARLY SETTLEMENT HISTORY AND CONDITIONS IN THE CADDO LAKE AREA Caddo Lake has a unique, complex, colorful, and controversial history (Carter 1936; Dahmer 1995). Though an earlier Spanish expedition (De Soto-Moscoso in 1542, led by Luis de Moscoso Alvarado) contacted indigenous Caddoan people in both Louisiana and Texas and may have passed close to Caddo Lake (Bruseth 1996; La Vere 1998), the first known Europeans to visit the Caddo Lake area proper were members of the ill-fated seventeenth century French expedition originally led by the explorer René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (Dahmer 1995; Smith 1995). La Salle had explored widely in the central part of the continent, from the mouth of the Mississippi to the Great Lakes, and had been granted permission to establish a colony in the New World (Cole 1946; Stephens & Holmes 1989). After founding a struggling colony on the Texas coast (Fort Saint Louis—on Garcitas Creek, a tributary of Matagorda Bay, located in present-day Victoria County—Weddle 1996), an apparently desperate La Salle with a contingent of nineteen men attempted to find his way back to the Great Lakes. Eventually, disagreements ensued and La Salle was killed by his own men in the spring of 1687, probably in what is now Grimes County (Foster 1998). Survivors of the expedition continued northeast across East Texas and passed through the Caddo Lake watershed later in the spring of 1687 before crossing the Red River and eventually making their way back to the Great Lakes (Ingold & Hardy no date; Cole 1946; Newcomb 1961; Stephens & Holmes 1989; Dahmer 1995). As did subsequent French and Spanish expeditions, the seventeenth century La Salle Expedition encountered a tribe of indigenous people who called themselves the Kadohadacho (now considered one of the confederacies of the Caddos) (Newcomb 1961; Dahmer 1995; Smith 1995; La Vere 1998). The Caddos were part of the advanced farming
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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Page 115 and 116: 98 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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Page 147 and 148: 130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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Page 161 and 162: 144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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Page 175 and 176: 158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
Page 177 and 178: 160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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