ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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survey establishing both the boundaries and the biological uniqueness of the Big Thicket was needed to generate popular support for the preservation movement” (Cozine 1993). The result was the first biological inventory of the region, the Biological Survey of the East Texas Big Thicket Area, published in 1936 by H.B. Parks (Fig. 109) and V.L. Cory. Unfortunately, despite such organized grassroots efforts and scientific study, the early preservation attempts did not succeed— events conspired against and ultimately derailed them (Cozine 1993; Gunter 1997; Johnston 2001). Conditions were dire in much of the area during the Great Depression, and economic survival was of primary concern. In 1936 and 1942, large deposits of oil were found in Polk County (Fig. 110), further shifting the focus to economic considerations. Also, the Federal Government only a few years earlier had purchased extensive areas of National Forest land in East Texas, which reduced the likelihood of additional large land acquisitions in the area (Cozine 1993). CONSERVATION IN BIG THICKET/INTRODUCTION 191 FIG. 109/ HARRIS B. PARKS. PHOTO COURTESY S.M. TRACY HERBARIUM,<strong>TEXAS</strong> A&M UNIV. FIG. 110/ SCHWAB CITY OIL BOOM, 1938 (FROM HENLEY 1967, THE BIG THICKET STORY, WITH PERMISSION <strong>OF</strong> DEMPSIE HENLEY,©1967).
192 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BIG THICKET Finally, and perhaps most importantly, World War II produced an unprecedented demand for lumber products (Cozine 1993). As a result, preservation efforts faded. Though the East Texas Big Thicket Association continued to exist mostly on paper for a number of years, it eventually expired in the late 1950s (Cozine 1993). During this time, when little attention was focused on the area, Lance Rosier (Fig. 111; see Johnston 1972), resident of Saratoga, self-trained naturalist, and widely recognized authority on the Big Thicket, “almost single-handedly kept the Big Thicket movement alive” (Johnston 2001). Johnston (2001) noted that, His reputation and prestige grew as he interpreted Big Thicket to scientists, news reporters, and an endless succession of students, conservationists, and civic groups. Through the years, Rosier was the subject of numerous Sunday supplement stories and magazine articles. In the mid 1950 decade, Louis Hofferbert, Houston Post columnist, dubbed him ‘Mr. Big Thicket’ and the name became fixed in area history. Rosier and the Big Thicket were further immortalized by Texas writer Mary Lasswell, who wrote a perceptive chapter about Lance and the Big Thicket in her I’ll Take Texas (1958). The book brought numerous recruits into the effort to save Big Thicket. RENEWED EFFORTS—During the early to mid-1960s, organized conservation efforts were renewed (e.g., Big Thicket Association founded in 1964), and some high profile advocates (e.g., Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, Senator Ralph Yarborough, and Texas Governor Price Daniel) joined those concerned with preserving a portion of the Big Thicket. However, there was strong opposition from the politically and economically powerful timber industry. Lumber companies feared the loss of part of their “land base.” They acted individually—and collectively through the Texas Forestry Association—against the creation of all but a token-sized park (Gunter 1993). It should be pointed out, though, that not all lumbermen or lumber companies approached the issue in the same way. According to Reinert (1973): Temple Industries, of all the major timber companies with large East Texas holdings, is the only one that is locally owned. Together with the other companies, Temple declared a voluntary moratorium on cutting in the general area of the proposed park, but their proscription was far more generous and extensive, not to mention adhered to, than any other company’s. Moreover, Temple has foresworn practices that the rest of the industry has found economical and environmentalists have termed detestable: the wholesale clear-cutting of large timber stands and the razing of cut-over lands, the airborne use of herbicides and defoliants to erase underbrush. Temple has also shown a willingness to encourage slow-growing, often fragile stands of bottomland hardwoods…that other companies have ignored in favor of quick-and-easy pine plantations. Unfortunately, conservation efforts in the area were frequently met with “rancor and bitterness” (Gunter 1993). Apparently, due to fear of change, worries about possible job losses, and ignorance of the actual situation, some local residents were scared and so angry that they cut down trees out of spite and threatened government appraisers with bodily harm (Owens 1978). In other cases, what can only be called anti-environmental vandalism was practiced. In one instance, a huge magnolia tree, the Witness Tree, estimated by some to be 1,000 years old, was killed when drilled in four places and poisoned with arsenate of lead (Gunter 1967, 1993). In another sad case, a large heron rookery was apparently intentionally poisoned by aerial spraying with pesticides (Gunter 1993; Norsworthy 2001). The thinking of some seemed to be that if the area was damaged enough, maybe a park would not be created. Throughout struggles to conserve the Big Thicket, the desired size of the preserve varied greatly, ranging from the 435,000 acres originally called for by the East Texas Big Thicket Association to the 200,000 acres that was the consensus of scientists in the early 1970s
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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Page 157 and 158: 140 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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Page 171 and 172: 154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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242 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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