ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 239 deletion of taxa not present or expected to be present in Texas, occasional notes on the distribution of species within Texas and the description of one new species of plant.” Nonetheless, according to Studhalter (1931), “too much emphasis cannot be directed toward the courage which Mrs. Young showed throughout her work on this, the first science text for Texas. With almost no formal education, with no opportunities for travel or study in herbaria, she nevertheless accomplished the herculean task of publishing a 646 page text and flora.…” Studhalter (1931) also noted that Young held the position of State Botanist for two or three years around 1872–1873. Her herbarium was lost in the disastrous hurricane and flood at Galveston in 1900. Other relatively early (pre-1945) contributions to the understanding of Texas botany were those by T.V. Munson (1883), Forests and FIG. 142/ JOHN KUNKEL SMALL (1869–1938). USED WITH PER- Forest Trees of Texas; V. Havard (1885), Report MISSION OF THE HUNT INSTITUTE FOR BOTANICAL DOCUMENTATION, on the Flora of Western and Southern Texas; CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV., PITTSBURGH, PA; PHOTOGRAPH BY J.M. Coulter (1891–1894), Botany of Western Texas; J.E. Gow (1905), An Ecological Study of GEORGE F. WEBER. the Sabine and Neches Valleys, Texas; J.W. Blankinship (1907), Plantae Lindheimerianae, Part III; I.M. Lewis (1915), The Trees of Texas (the first guide to Texas trees); C.H. Winkler (1915), The Botany of Texas; R.M. Harper (1920), A Week in Eastern Texas; E.D. Schulz (1922), 500 Wild Flowers of San Antonio and Vicinity and (1928), Texas Wild Flowers; W.A. Silveus (1933), Texas Grasses; and M.C. Metz (1934), A Flora of Bexar County, Texas. While neither done in Texas nor focusing primarily on Texas plants, J.K. Small’s (Fig. 142) Flora of the Southeastern United States (1903 and subsequent editions), did include the eastern portion of Texas within its range. This huge work (1370 pages) was a landmark in the study of plants of the entire southeastern United States and was the standard used by generations of southern botanists. Unfortunately, its long use in parts of Texas not intended to be covered by the work resulted in the misidentification of hundreds of herbarium specimens, some of which were later found to represent new species. HISTORY OF TEXAS BOTANICAL SPECIMENS While a great deal of work was conducted in the 1800s on Texas plants, most of the research was accomplished by non-residents or was funded by outside sources. The result was that few of the estimated 125,000–150,000 (B. Lipscomb, unpublished) early collections remained in the state. According to Shinners (1949), Pioneer collectors [in Texas] were either sent from Europe, or were patronized by botanists in the older parts of the United States. Not until the late 1890s did a Texas institution begin serious study of the flora of the state. Just fifty years ago [now about 110 years ago], W.L. Bray made collections more or less incidentally to ecological studies of the vegetation. These were the earliest collections to remain permanently in Texas and were the beginning of what is now the largest herbarium in the state, that of the University of Texas [at Austin].
240 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS Over the past century this situation has changed greatly. As a result of various state and local floristic projects and the collecting efforts of numerous individuals, well over two million herbarium specimens are now kept in Texas. Nearly 40 herbaria are active in the state. The three largest are the Plant Resources Center at the University of Texas at Austin, with about 1,100,000 specimens (including the University of Texas and Lundell Herbaria), which make it the 12 th largest in the U.S.—Morin & Spellenberg 1993); the Botanical Research Institute of Texas in Fort Worth, with approximately 1,000,000 specimens (including the Southern Methodist University, Vanderbilt University, and Southeastern Oklahoma State University collections), the 13 th largest in the U.S. (Morin & Spellenberg 1993); and the S.M. Tracy Herbarium of the Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management of Texas A&M University, with over 217,000 specimens (Simpson 1996; Holmgren et al. 2004). A substantial number of very early Texas collections have been returned to the state through the efforts of Lloyd Shinners and exchanges with the Milwaukee Public Museum and the Missouri Botanical Garden. For example, slightly less than 1,400 early Texas specimens (dating back to 1839) collected by Ferdinand Lindheimer, Julien Reverchon, Charles Wright, and others are now in the collection at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (Shinners 1949). Further information on the history of botany in Texas can be obtained from Winkler (1915), Geiser (1936, 1939, 1945a, 1948a, 1948b), Shinners (1949, 1958), and McKelvey (1955, 1991). MODERN STATE-WIDE OR REGIONAL FLORAS FIG. 143/ DONOVAN STEWART CORRELL (1908–1983). REPRINTED BY PERMISSION FROM ECONOMIC BOTANY 38:135, BERNICE G. SCHUBERT, COPYRIGHT 1984, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN,BRONX,NY. The first attempt at a comprehensive statewide flora was the three volume Flora of Texas by C.L. Lundell (1961, 1966, 1969). While never completed, this project of the Texas Research Foundation at Renner (near Dallas) was a valuable contribution to the knowledge of Texas plants. The Texas Research Foundation subsequently published the Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas (Correll & Johnston 1970), which after nearly four decades is still the only comprehensive flora (including keys and descriptions) that treats the entire state. Donovan Stewart Correll (1908–1983) (Fig. 143) was born in North Carolina and trained at Duke University. After serving at Harvard University and the United States Department of Agriculture, he came to the Texas Research Foundation in 1956. There his most important contribution was to direct and complete the Manual project. His research specialties included potatoes (Solanum), ferns, the Orchidaceae, and economic botany (Schubert 1984). With his wife, Helen B. Correll, he authored the influential and still widely used Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southwestern United States (1972, 2002). Subsequent to his work at the Texas Research Foundation, he served at the National Science Foundation and Fairchild Tropical Garden. Marshall Conring Johnston (1930–) (Fig. 144), a native Texan reared in the brush country of the Rio Grande delta, spent his career in the Botany Department at the University of Texas at Austin. His research specialties include the Euphorbiaceae, Rhamnaceae, and floristics of Texas and Mexico. His contributions are described in more detail below in the section on the University of Texas.
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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186 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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Page 207 and 208: 190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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