ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA/INTRODUCTION 203 FIG. 116/GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION MAP OF CERCIS (FABACEAE) (E.G., REDBUD) SHOWING OCCURRENCE IN ALL FOUR MAIN WIDELY SEPARAT- ED TERTIARY RELICT AREAS (FROM WOOD 1970, WITH PERMISSION OF VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIV.). FIG. 117/GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION MAP OF LIQUIDAMBAR (HAMAMELIDACEAE) (E.G., SWEETGUM) SHOWING OCCURRENCE IN THREE OF FOUR MAIN WIDELY SEPARATED TERTIARY RELICT AREAS; GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION MAP OF NYSSA (NYSSACEAE) (E.G., BLACK TUPELO) SHOWING PRE- SENT DAY OCCURRENCE (CROSS-HATCHING) IN ONLY EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EASTERN ASIA, BUT WITH WIDESPREAD FOSSIL EVIDENCE (FROM WOOD 1972, WITH PERMISSION OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN). vived to the present in eastern Asia than anywhere else—probably due to the more complex Asian topography and the resulting reduced impact of Pleistocene glaciations and more active speciation (Wen 1999). Western North America, however, had undergone a period of mountain building and associated climate and habitat change and was not as conducive to the persistence of extensive deciduous forest elements—many fewer survived there. “As temperatures continued to decrease and rainfall became more seasonal, high elevation and high latitude coniferous evergreen forests expanded. This occurred at the expense of broad-leaved deciduous forests, which were eliminated from many areas of western North America during the Pliocene” (Graham 1993a). The deciduous forests of Europe also fared poorly. There, changes prior to and during glaciation resulted in the local extinction of many deciduous forest lineages (Davis 1983). During the various glacial advances, European vegetation was caught between an advancing ice sheet from the north and “the alpine glaciers of the east-west trending Pyrenees- Alp mountain system to the south” (Graham 1999). The result was that many fewer deciduous forest elements have survived to the present in Europe. Because of such geohistorical factors, a number of species of the once widespread Northern Hemisphere Tertiary flora have survived only in one or more of four main, widely separated Tertiary relict areas—1) eastern Asia; 2) eastern North America; 3) western North America; and 4) southeastern Europe—but with the most in eastern Asia and eastern North America (Li 1952; Little 1970; Wood 1970, 1972; Graham 1972, 1993a, 1999; Boufford &
204 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA Spongberg 1983; Hamilton 1983; Hsü 1983; Wu 1983; Ying 1983; Cox & Moore 1993; Stuckey 1993; Xiang et al. 1998; Wen 1999, 2001; Xiang & Soltis 2001). Examples of East Texas genera found in all four of these areas include Cercis (Fig. 116), Aesculus, Erythronium, Juglans, Ostrya, Philadelphus, and Platanus (Wood 1970, 1972). Other East Texas genera (e.g., Liquidambar) survive in only three of the four areas (Fig. 117) (Wood 1972). In addition, some groups which today are found in only one or two of the relict areas are known as fossils from other relict areas—examples include Nyssa (Fig. 117), Ailanthus, Dulichium, Ginkgo, Halesia, Metasequoia, and Taxodium, all of which had much broader Tertiary distributions than at present (Wood 1970; Manchester 1999). Because the Tertiary flora suffered in the center of North America, some groups remain today in separate eastern and western regions of the continent. Wood (1970) and Thorne (1993d) estimated that about 65% of the genera of southern Appalachian seed plants also occur in western North America and emphasized the strong floristic relationships between eastern and western North America. Numerous genera are found today only in these two separate areas— examples of East Texas genera with such a distribution include Ceanothus, Collinsia, Eriogonum, Oxypolis, Pycnanthemum, Schoenolirion, and Trichostema (Wood 1970). Even some species show this disjunct distribution on the two sides of the continent—e.g., three-way sedge, Dulichium arundinaceum (Fig. 118); brownish beak sedge, Rhynchospora capitellata (Fig. 119); globe beakrush, Rhynchospora globularis; and flux-weed, Isanthus brachiatus (Wood 1972). Likewise, Wen (1999) indicated that “there is a closer biogeographic relationship between eastern North America and western North America than between eastern North America and eastern Asia,” often with the phylogenetically most closely related species being in the two regions of North America. According to Xiang et al. (1998), about 30 genera have closely related species in both FIG. 118/GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION MAP OF DULICHIUM ARUNDINACEUM (CYPERACEAE) (THREE-WAY SEDGE), AN EXAMPLE OF A SPECIES DIS- JUNCT BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.ALSO NOTE THE FOSSIL OCCURRENCE (TERTIARY) IN EUROPE (FROM WOOD 1972, WITH PERMISSION OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN). FIG. 119/GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION MAP OF RHYNCHOSPORA CAPITELLATA (CYPERACEAE) (BROWNISH BEAK SEDGE), AN EXAMPLE OF ASPECIES DISJUNCT BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (FROM WOOD 1972, WITH PERMISSION OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN).
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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Page 171 and 172: 154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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