ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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RED RIVER AREA AREA ADJACENT TO THE RED RIVER RED RIVER AREA/INTRODUCTION 127 There is a narrow band of vegetation, found on the primarily sandy soils adjacent to the Red River (Fig. 74) in the northernmost portion of East Texas, specifically in the northern parts of Bowie, Red River, Lamar, Fannin, and Grayson counties, that we are referring to as the Red River Area. The specialized habitats associated with the Red River have afforded plants sites where they could survive long-term changes in climate and have also provided a two-way migration corridor allowing plant species to extend their ranges westward from the forested areas to the east—and also eastward from the drier habitats to the west (Elisens et al. 2004). This region is in various ways quite different from the vegetational areas with which it has sometimes been included (see Fig. 3; Correll & Johnston 1970; Hatch et al. 1990). The westernmost part of this band, in Grayson County, has typically been classified as part of the Cross Timbers and Prairies (vegetational area 5), and indeed it closely resembles and grades into the East Cross Timbers. The eastern part of the band has often been classified as part of vegetational area 3 (Post Oak Savannah) (Correll & Johnston 1970; Hatch et al. 1990). Such a classification is justified, since portions of the vegetation do resemble the post oak-dominated savannahs/woodlands typical of vegetational area 3. However, significant components of the vegetation more typically associated with eastern or southeastern Texas (vegetational area 1—Pineywoods) extend west along the Red River in microhabitats with special soil or moisture conditions. In fact, many areas of northern Lamar, Bowie, and Red River counties are clearly tied vegetationally to the Pineywoods— a number are even dominated by pines. A specific example is the Pinus echinata-Quercus alba forest documented for Lamar County by Wilson and Hacker (1986). This forest is somewhat similar to the Dry-Mesic Mixed Pine-Hardwood Uplands described for the Pineywoods by Van Kley (page 95). Based on such vegetational patterns, Wilson (1990) has argued that the generally accepted boundaries of the Pineywoods in northeastern Texas FIG.74/ PHOTOGRAPH <strong>OF</strong> THE RED RIVER FROM CARPENTER’S BLUFF BRIDGE IN NORTH<strong>EAST</strong>ERN GRAYSON CO.(PHOTO BY GMD).
128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are placed too far to the east and that there has been significant recession of the Pineywoods due to human impact beginning as early as 1815 (e.g., Jonesboro in Red River County, the site of the earliest Anglo settlement in Texas). In northern Lamar County, the aspect of the vegetation is definitely similar to the mixed deciduous or deciduous-pine forests typical of some regions of the Pineywoods. Tall stands of Quercus falcata (southern red oak), abundant Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), P. echinata (shortleaf pine), Quercus alba (white oak), Acer rubrum (red maple), Betula nigra (river birch), Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam), Crataegus marshallii (parsley hawthorn), bottomland brakes of Arundinaria gigantea (giant cane), Calycocarpum lyonii (cupseed), Trachelospermum difforme (climbing dogbane), and herbs such as Lysimachia lanceolata (lance-leaf loosestrife), Monotropa hypopithys (American pinesap), Osmunda cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), Polygala sanguinea (blood milkwort), Porteranthus stipulatus (Indian-physic), Saccharum contortum (bent-awn plume grass), Sacciolepis striata (American cupscale), Saururus cernuus (lizard’s-tail), Stachys tenuifolia (slender-leaf betony), and Veronicastrum virginicum (Culver’s-physic) are just a few examples of eastern plants found in Lamar County. Even farther west, in Fannin County, there are still isolated pockets of eastern Texas vegetation (e.g., Talbot property). Species reaching to or near their western limits there include Quercus falcata (southern red oak), Q. nigra (water oak), Q. phellos (willow oak), Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (narrow-leaf wood-oats), Erechtites hieraciifolia (American burnweed), Luzula bulbosa (bulb woodrush), Monotropa uniflora (Indian-pipe), Pedicularis canadensis (common lousewort), Pycnanthemum albescens (white-leaf mountain-mint), Sorghastrum elliottii (slender Indian grass), and Woodwardia areolata (narrow-leaved chain fern). Grayson County, the next county to the west, does not have areas dominated by eastern Texas plants as do Lamar and Fannin counties, but there is a significant eastern Texas component to the vegetation. Numerous plant species reach their western limits in Grayson County, including Agrimonia rostellata (woodland groovebur), Asimina triloba (common pawpaw), Cinna arundinacea (stout wood reed), Desmodium glutinosum (tick-clover), Impatiens capensis (spotted touch-me-not), Liatris aspera (tall gayfeather), Monarda lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s beebalm), Podophyllum peltatum (may-apple), Polygonatum biflorum (Solomon’s-seal), Quercus velutina (black oak), Thalictrum arkansanum (meadowrue), Triosteum angustifolium (yellow-flowered horse-gentian), and Vaccinium arboreum (farkleberry). A few typically eastern plants extend even farther west into Cooke and Montague counties and beyond. More typically western plants also extend eastward in the Red River Basin, though not as commonly as eastern plants range westward. One example of such a western species is Heliotropium convolvulaceum (bindweed heliotrope), known in Texas primarily from the Panhandle and Trans-Pecos but extending east in extremely dry sandy habitats along the Red River to Grayson and Lamar counties. Two other examples of species extending east in the same sandy habitats to Grayson County are Croton texensis (Texas croton) and Euphorbia hexagona (green spurge). Yet another example is Dalea lanata (woolly dalea), confined in Texas largely to the Panhandle but extending east along the Red River to Cooke and Grayson counties. The area adjacent to the Red River in Grayson County is further complicated by the presence of the Preston Anticline, a post-Cretaceous (Bradfield 1957) fold in the sedimentary strata that brought deeper layers to the surface (Bullard 1931). In places the river valley is two hundred feet below the surrounding area and creeks have cut deep canyonlike valleys. The overall topography near the Red River is thus very rugged (Bullard 1931). Parker (1856) in an early account described the Texas shore of the Red River as “very bold, presenting a stratification of red clay and white sand, giving a striking and very peculiar
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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178 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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